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Period 3 French and Indian War-the New Republic 1754 - 1800

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Period 3 French and Indian War-the New Republic 1754 - 1800

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Britain faced enormous debt when the British and colonies fought the French and Indian Wars. The subsequent colonist taxes caused dissatisfaction and conflict with England. Two notable examples of this highly strained relationship have been the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party.
Colonial leaders requested opposition to colonial power, and sought protection for their rights. With the Continental Congress, the ideas of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine and, ultimately, the Declaration of Independence, new experiments with democracy and republican forms of government came about.
The Articles of Confederation unified the newly created States after the American Revolution. Nonetheless, the federal government was very weak and Shay's Uprising made it clear. Debates on how the new nation should be run resulted in the call for a Constitutional Convention.

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Nationalism is an important theme that appears several times over the course of this period. Here, the colonists started battling for their freedom from Great Britain due to the unequal treatment they got. Some citizens had been fighting for their freedom and their rights, while some feared this drastic transition. The colonists considered themselves British, but didn't like the misrepresentation they had in parliament that ended in the colonists not paying the new taxes that the British government had come up with. Much of this finally led to the American Revolution; where the colonies prevailed and the Declaration of Independence was written to declare the newly deep freedom. From then on, the colonists had the power to write their own history– to make things their own, and so they did.

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The Articles of Confederation incorporated the newly created States following the American Revolution. The federal government, however, remained very weak, which Shay's Rebellion made evident.  Debates on how the new nation should be run resulted in the call for a Constitutional Convention.

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One particular example of technological advancements in this time period is actually not actually the technology itself, but the inventor. Benjamin Franklin: Founding Father, writer, printer, political philosopher, politician, Freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. He was a true "renaissance man" and his inventions helped advance America. Invented bifocals, the Franklin stove, the lightning rod, and the swivel chair and preformed many expirements.

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Enlightenment theories and philosophy influenced many American political leaders to emphasize human ability over inherited wealth, while religion affirmed American image of themselves as a nation blessed with democracy. Belief of the colonists in the supremacy of constitutional systems of government founded on people's natural rights finds voice in the Common Sense of Thomas Paine and the Declaration of Independence. Throughout American history, the ideas in these texts echo, influencing American understanding of the values upon which the country was founded.

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Increased understanding of inequality in society inspired certain people during and after the American Revolution to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments.

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Trends in migration and competition over borders, resources and trade fuelled ethnic tensions and sparked nativist feelings. The relationship between the United States and American Indian groups continued to evolve, often focusing on native land conflict.

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The Paris Treaty of 1763 which ended the Seven Years War offered tremendous territorial gains for Great Britain. Under the treaty, Canada and all of the present-day Mississippi east of the United States came under British control. With the formal conclusion of the war, Anglo-American colonists started dumping in search of land over the Appalachian Mountains. As the local people had not made land cessions, many of those settlers had no formal land claim. In several cases, private property corporations claimed the property, in which the Virginia elite had invested extensively in an effort to diversify their wealth outside of the lucrative tobacco market.

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A distinct American foreign policy developed. George Washington warned against becoming embroiled in foreign affairs, such as the French Revolution, and preferred diplomatic initiatives, such as the Treaty of Jay and the Treaty of Pinckney, to address the continuing European presence in America.The French and Indian War pitted British America's colonists against those of New France, aided by parent nation military forces and Native American allies on either side. British colonial forces, were led by Lieutenant Colonel George Washington. American colonies had an impact on wars and military and in this specific time period we had influence with the British who we were helping and New France who we were fighting. Although we had not yet gained independce we were still of significant importance to world powers like France.

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https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/french-indian-war

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The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years' War. The French and Indian War began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The war provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America, but disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war's expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution.

The French and Indian War resulted from ongoing frontier tensions in North America as both French and British imperial officials and colonists sought to extend each country's sphere of influence in frontier regions. In North America, the war pitted France, French colonists, and their Native allies against Great Britain, the Anglo-American colonists, and the Iroquois Confederacy, which controlled most of upstate New York and parts of northern Pennsylvania. In 1753, prior to the outbreak of hostilities, Great Britain controlled the 13 colonies up to the Appalachian Mountains, but beyond lay New France, a very large, sparsely settled colony that stretched from Louisiana through the Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes to Canada. (See Incidents Leading up to the French and Indian War and Albany Plan)

The border between French and British possessions was not well defined, and one disputed territory was the upper Ohio River valley. The French had constructed a number of forts in this region in an attempt to strengthen their claim on the territory. British colonial forces, led by Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, attempted to expel the French in 1754, but were outnumbered and defeated by the French. When news of Washington's failure reached British Prime Minister Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle, he called for a quick undeclared retaliatory strike. However, his adversaries in the Cabinet outmaneuvered him by making the plans public, thus alerting the French Government and escalating a distant frontier skirmish into a full-scale war.

The war did not begin well for the British. The British Government sent General Edward Braddock to the colonies as commander in chief of British North American forces, but he alienated potential Indian allies and colonial leaders failed to cooperate with him. On July 13, 1755, Braddock died after being mortally wounded in an ambush on a failed expedition to capture Fort Duquesne in present-day Pittsburgh. The war in North America settled into a stalemate for the next several years, while in Europe the French scored an important naval victory and captured the British possession of Minorca in the Mediterranean in 1756. However, after 1757 the war began to turn in favor of Great Britain. British forces defeated French forces in India, and in 1759 British armies invaded and conquered Canada.

Facing defeat in North America and a tenuous position in Europe, the French Government attempted to engage the British in peace negotiations, but British Minister William Pitt (the elder), Secretary for Southern Affairs, sought not only the French cession of Canada but also commercial concessions that the French Government found unacceptable. After these negotiations failed, Spanish King Charles III offered to come to the aid of his cousin, French King Louis XV, and their representatives signed an alliance known as the Family Compact on August 15, 1761. The terms of the agreement stated that Spain would declare war on Great Britain if the war did not end before May 1, 1762. Originally intended to pressure the British into a peace agreement, the Family Compact ultimately reinvigorated the French will to continue the war, and caused the British Government to declare war on Spain on January 4, 1762, after bitter infighting among King George III's ministers.

Despite facing such a formidable alliance, British naval strength and Spanish ineffectiveness led to British success. British forces seized French Caribbean islands, Spanish Cuba, and the Philippines. Fighting in Europe ended after a failed Spanish invasion of British ally Portugal. By 1763, French and Spanish diplomats began to seek peace. In the resulting Treaty of Paris (1763), Great Britain secured significant territorial gains in North America, including all French territory east of the Mississippi river, as well as Spanish Florida, although the treaty returned Cuba to Spain.

Unfortunately for the British, the fruits of victory brought seeds of trouble with Great Britain's American colonies. The war had been enormously expensive, and the British government's attempts to impose taxes on colonists to help cover these expenses resulted in increasing colonial resentment of British attempts to expand imperial authority in the colonies. British attempts to limit western expansion by colonists and inadvertent provocation of a major Indian war further angered the British subjects living in the American colonies. These disputes ultimately spurred colonial rebellion, which eventually developed into a full-scale war for independence.

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Milestones: 1750-1775 - Office of the Historian

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Period 4 The New Republic-Manifest Destiny 1800 - 1848

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Period 4 The New Republic-Manifest Destiny 1800 - 1848

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The U.S. began to establish its own democratic values, sparked controversy about the position of the federal government and contributed to the creation of separate political parties.
The U.S. Supreme Court developed the theory that federal legislation takes priority over state legislation. Via Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Court also created the concept of judicial review, which allowed courts to test the influence of the legislative and executive branches of government, further reinforcing a "separation of powers." America developed a national culture, particularly after the War of 1812, and various religious and social reform movements arose. The campaign for temperance has tried to prohibit alcohol.

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One of the most significant ideas of this time period was "Manifest Destiny". This was an ideology belived by most nineteenth-century white Americans that the United States was destined and obligated by God to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. Truely at the heart of this notion was culutral superiority as well as racial superiority. A true American citizen during this time period was white, religous, and patroiotic. This time period was characterized by power, religon, race, patrotism and money and really formed American values.

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The Monroe Doctrine and military actions against American Indian tribes demonstrated the desire for more control in North America. As new states joined the United States, the debate over slavery raged on. In an attempt to appease both the North and South, Henry Clay crafted the Missouri Compromise, resolving some tension for the next three decades.

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America was going through an industrial and technical transition. Major developments included cotton gin, steam engine, factory system, and railroad and channel expansion. America shifted away from a rural economy focused on agriculture and into an age of increasing industrialization that affected institutions of society and the family. The United States, moving westward after the Louisiana Purchase, tried to extend its reach and be seen as a significant player in international trade.

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A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities. The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes in society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographic mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants, which influenced moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements.

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The abolition movement sought to end slavery and support African Americans. Efforts by the women's rights movement resulted in the Conference on Seneca Falls.

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From the 1820s to the 1840s, Germans and Irish were the two largest groups of immigrants to the United States. The Germans and Irish were frequently subjected to anti-foreign prejudice and discrimination. Ultimately, the Germans and Irish assimilated into US culture and society and became two of the most successful immigrant groups in the country.

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Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions. lans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections of the country.

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Following the Louisiana Purchase, the government of the United States gained dominance and hegemony over North America and the Western Hemisphere by a number of means, including colonization, military intervention, expulsion of American Indians, and political attempts such as the Monroe Doctrine.

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https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/manifest-destiny

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Manifest Destiny, a phrase coined in 1845, is the idea that the United States is destined—by God, its advocates believed—to expand its dominion and spread

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Period 5 The Mexican American War-Reconstruction 1844 - 1877

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Period 5 The Mexican American War-Reconstruction 1844 - 1877

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The United States became more open to the globe, adopted an expansionist Western Hemisphere foreign policy and served as a refuge for many refugees from other nations.

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National identity has remained virutally the same in most ways, extreme patriotism and belif in anglo-saxonism are still prevelant. There are some topics that are now heavily debated among Americans- slavery, secession, and politics.

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New Amendments are made, The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and 15th amendments granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights. Some short-term successes resulted from the efforts of radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and to reorder race relations in the defeated South. Reconstruction opened former slaves political opportunities and other leadership roles, but ultimately it failed, both because of the determined Southern resistance and the waning resolve of the North.

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Plantations and Slavery are an integral part of the American workforce and economy. Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region’s land even after Reconstruction. Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks’ and poor whites’ access to land in the South.

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There were many diffrences between the North and the South at this time. The North’s expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy’s dependence on slave labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free labor market. As a result, a free soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor.

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Slavery was a huge social issue and aspect during this period. Minoritys in the North, African American and white abolitionists launched a widely publicized movement against slavery, making philosophical claims against the practice, supporting the escapes of slaves, and often voicing a desire to use violence to accomplish their aims. Most defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states’ rights were protected by the Constitution.

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The need for access to natural and mineral resources and the promise of economic opportunity or religious asylum from many settlers contributed to increased migration to and settlement in the West.

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The main event of geogrpahic significance in this period was the Kansas-Nebraska act. The US followed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Congress to be conducted on 30 May 1854. It allowed people in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to determine for themselves whether to accept slavery within their boundaries or not. The Act served to revoke the 1820 Missouri Compromise which abolished slavery 36 ° 30 'north of latitude.

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The U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and American Indians increased in regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico, altering these groups’ economic self-sufficiency and cultures.

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https://ap.gilderlehrman.org/period/5

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As the nation expanded and its population grew, regional tensions, especially over slavery, led to a civil war-the course and aftermath of which transformed American society.

Key Concept 5.1: The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.

Key Concept 5.2: Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.

Key Concept 5.3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.

If you are having trouble accessing the video please check here for our YouTube version:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kRjS1rKD97s

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As the nation expanded and its population grew, regional tensions, especially over slavery, led to a civil war-the course and aftermath of which transformed American society. Key Concept 5.1: The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.

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Period 6 Reconstruction-the Gilded Age 1865 - 1898

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Period 6 Reconstruction-the Gilded Age 1865 - 1898

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The United States' transition from an agricultural to an rapidly industrialized and urbanized population has brought about major fiscal, financial, diplomatic, social, environmental, and cultural shifts. The civil war also split America in ways that can still be felt today.

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Cultural ideals and creative expression, such as artwork and books, reminded the public of the consequences of the Civil War, glorified war veterans and emphasized the solidarity of the American people. The ideology behind theories such as Economic Darwinism, the Economic Gospel and the Gospel of Poverty supported the belief that the wealthy had the right to be in the leading role of influence and that big business was fitting for the course of the economy

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From the homestead strikes to the battle of little bighorn, lots of power struggles happened during this era. Looking more specifaclly at The 1887 General Allotment Act, generally known as the Dawes Act, we can see the struggle between people and politicans. It was signed by the Massachusetts Senator Henry Dawes. To put it plainly, the Act split up older land treaties in the form of reservations given to Native Americans and divided them into smaller, independent plots of land to live on. More specifically, the Act mandated the indigenous people to live separately from their nations and to assimilate themselves into European culture.

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Because of laissez-faire and higher competition as a result of market

capitalism, immigrants provided a cheaper labor force. Advanced technology led to mass production which allowed

products to be made and to be sold cheaper. The federal government was, for the most part, pro-business as reflected by its

numerous economic policies. Farmers who created the Populist Party and Populist supporters advocated for less power

given to corporations and increased government regulation. Labor unions fought primarily for workers’ rights and better

working conditions; however, labor unions were successful to a small extent

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In unison with national debates about economic and social issues, the "Gilded Age" experienced new cultural and academic revolutions. Ideas such as darwinism, nativism, and anarchism were held by certain Americans.

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As we can see with the Dawes act, Native Americans in particular suffered a lot during this time period. Although the emergence of an industrial culture in the United  States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women, Native Americans had much of their land taken away and were forced out of their homes. Lots of conflict between white settlers and native americans was over natural recources and land.

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Over these decades not only Europeans have made their way to the United States. Immigrants from Mexico, also from its more distant areas, started coming in the late nineteenth century, primarily operating on the railroads, forming tiny enclaves as far north as Chicago until the early twentieth century. In the later part of the nineteenth century, women and people from Syria and Lebanon, mainly Christians, arrived too. None of them flocked to factory jobs, but as peddlers and small-scale shopkeepers they supplied basic products to both native-born and immigrant manufacturing workers and farmers. Immigrants from the Punjab region, mostly Sikhs, arrived in the northwestern Pacific 1800s as well, and they joined railroad crews and logging camps. Some became farmers. Small numbers of immigrants also came from the Philippines, Japan, and various islands of the Caribbean.

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Conservationist and preservationist measures sought to protect the unspoiled wilderness. However, big businesses wanted resources and land to expand their economic interests; because big business dominated the central government, most environmental laws were not very influential.

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Improved technology in transportation and communication led to a more integrated world economy. Steam engines allowed more travel between countries. Even though the “New South” had some industrialization, the South still relied on trade with other countries, specifically, exporting cotton, while the North maintained an industrial economy. An influx in immigration provided a large labor force for the industrial economy

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https://ap.gilderlehrman.org/period/6

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The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History AP US History Study Guide Period 6: 1865-1898

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The transformation of the United States from an agricultural to an increasingly industrialized and urbanized society brought about significant economic, political, diplomatic, social, environmental, and cultural changes.

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The Progressive Era-World War II 1898 - 1945

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Between 1890 and 1945 on the  heels of the Gilded Age, with growing concern over the exploitation of disadvantaged classes, a progressive movement emerged, the United States moved from being a rising star on the world stage to becoming the dominant economic and military power in the world, and the United States population as a whole moved toward a mass consumer society.  In world affairs, the United States discarded its isolotionist policies and became far more involved on the world stage.

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Because of the progressive movement among many other things, we see Americans becoming more diverse with new forms of mass media, modern culture was born in an era known as the “Roaring Twenties,” also dubbed the “Jazz Age.” Americans debated larger social issues such science, religion, gender roles, race, and immigration. Additionally, with the development of commercial radio, the media stimulated movement toward consumerism by promoting the ideal that not having was not American.

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The Great Depression was a huge social, political, and economic issue and it dominated many dissusions during this time period. President Roosevelt attempted to end the Great Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt promoted his “New Deal” plan to assist the poor, provide employment, and revitalize a stalling, weak economy. Through the New Deal, Roosevelt helped define modern American liberalism and left a long-lasting legacy of political, social, and economic reform.

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The progressive movement was active in almsot every sector of the United States. Progressives across the country responded to political and economic uncertainty; they called for greater government action regarding social issues such as women’s suffrage, the prohibition of alcohol, political corruption, and economic inequality.

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With the progressive movement came changes in social structure, progressive activists disagreed on racial justice and immigration restrictions, and many women and minorites had new opportinites due to the war.

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The U.S. continued the transition from an rural to an urban economy. Urban cities expanded in the 1920s, and opportunities for jobs were growing. But the U.S. will quickly fall into the Great Depression.

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Significant immigration shifts have taken place, as Americans and refugees from Asia and Europe are gradually flowing into urban areas. Nativist movements sought to persuade the government to pass immigrant quotas and controls. The "Great Migration" saw African Americans leave the South's racist brutality and segregation to migrate to the North where they were finding greater economic prospects.

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America fought in three major wars during this period. The United States’ victory in the Spanish-American War resulted in increased overseas territory.

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America entered World War I in 1917. Then the U.S.  entered a short-lived period of isolationism. This did not alst long and America was soon embroiled in WWII dispite the efforts to remain neutral.

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https://www.myhaikuclass.com/lewismvhs/apush/cms_page/view/18480101