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Confederate victory. General Robert E. Lee’s audacious decision to take on Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker’s Army of the Potomac, though he had less than half the number of men, resulted in an improbable win for the South. Hooker’s timidity in battle led to poor choices and a huge disappointment for the North. Major General Ambrose E. Burnside lasted only a single campaign as the head of the Army of the Potomac. His abject failure at Fredericksburg in December 1862, followed by further fumbling on January's "Mud March," convinced President Abraham Lincoln to make another change in army commanders. He appointed 48-year-old Massachusetts native Joseph Hooker to take charge.

Hooker's energetic make-over polished the Union army into tip-top condition, and he declared them “the finest army on the planet.” With complete confidence, Hooker orchestrated a “perfect” plan to confront Lee and drive him from his camp at Fredericksburg. Though outmanned, Lee did not retreat. He met Hooker’s challenge head on, engaging him in one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. Brilliant tactics by Lee and “Stonewall” Jackson thwarted Hooker’s ambitions and resulted in a victory for the South. Buoyed by the outcome, Lee later launched an offensive into Pennsylvania, where the opposing armies met on the battlefield in Gettysburg in July 1863.

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Confederate victory. After this stinging defeat for the Union, Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell, the commander of the Union Army of Northeastern Virginia, was relieved and replaced by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, who set about reorganizing and training what would become the Army of the Potomac.Although the Civil War officially began when Confederate troops shelled Fort Sumpter on April 12, 1861, the fighting didn’t commence in earnest until the Battle of Bull Run, fought months later in Virginia, just 25 miles from Washington D.C. Under public pressure to end the war in 90 days, President Lincoln had pushed the cautious Gen. McDowell to embark on a campaign to capture the Confederate capital in Richmond, but McDowell’s troops were stopped at Bull Run by Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard’s Rebel forces. The Federals retreated to Washington, where the Lincoln administration retooled for a war that would be waged at great human and financial cost

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particularly in the Southern United States, was a battle of the American Civil War fought on September 17, 1862 between Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and Union Gen. George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac near Sharpsburg, Maryland and Antietam Creek. Part of the Maryland Campaign, it was the first field army–level engagement in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War to take place on Union soil. It was the bloodiest day in American history, with a combined tally of 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing.

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Binge Society - The Greatest Movie Scenes

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Barton’s family directed their painfully shy daughter to become a teacher upon the recommendation of renowned phrenologist L.N. Fowler, who examined her as a girl. She began teaching at age 18, founded a school for workers’ children at her brother’s mill when she was 24, and after moving to Borden town, New Jersey, established the first free school there in 1852. She resigned when she discovered that the school had hired a man at twice her salary, saying she would never work for less than a man.

In 1854 she was hired as a recording clerk at the US Patent Office in Washington, DC, the first woman appointed to such a post. She was paid $1,400 annually, the same as her male colleagues. However, the following year, Secretary of the Interior Robert McClelland, who opposed women working in government, reduced her to copyist with a lower salary. In 1857, the Buchanan Administration eliminated her position entirely, but in 1860, she returned as copyist after the election of President Abraham Lincoln.

When the Civil War began in 1861, Barton quit her job and made it her mission to bring supplies to Union soldiers in need—among them, men of the 6th Massachusetts Infantry. This started a life-long career of aiding people in times of conflict and disaster. In 1862, she received official permission to transport supplies to battlefields and was at every major battle in Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina, where she also tended to the wounded and became known as the “angel of the battlefield.” She was officially named head nurse for one of General Benjamin Butler’s units in 1864, even though she had no formal medical training. She joined Frances Gage in helping to prepare slaves for their lives in freedom. After the war, Barton helped locate missing soldiers, mark thousands of graves, and testified in Congress about her wartime experiences.

In 1869, Barton traveled through Europe to regain her health. While in Switzerland, she learned about the International Red Cross, established in Geneva in 1864. Returning to the US, Barton built support for the creation of an American society of the Red Cross by writing pamphlets, lecturing, and meeting with President Rutherford B. Hayes. On May 21, 1881, the American Association of the Red Cross was formed; Barton was elected president in June. In 1882, the US joined the International Red Cross.

Barton remained with the Red Cross until 1904, attending national and international meetings, aiding with disasters, helping the homeless and poor, and writing about her life and the Red Cross. She was also an ardent supporter of women’s suffrage. In 1904, she established the National First Aid Association of America, an organization that emphasized emergency preparedness and developed first aid kits. Her Glen Echo, Maryland home became a National Historic Site in 1975, the first dedicated to the achievements of a woman.

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Slaves would escape from slavery and travel north while staying at " safe houses" along the way. These safe houses were known as the underground Railroad which led to freedom in the North. People risked their lives to help the escaped slaves get to freedom.

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The Civil War lasted a lot longer than most people thought it was going to last. It lasted from 1861-1865. Soldiers had to commit to being a soldier for three years. There were many food rations for the soldiers and if they ran out, they traded with the other army . Underage boys signed up to fight for the Union and lied about their age. Infections led to amputations of body parts in the war. Black soldiers fought for the Union Army, but did not receive the same amount of money compared to the white soldiers.

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Fort Sumter: First Battle of the Civil War

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Fort Sumter: First Battle of the Civil War

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This was the first battle of the Civil War. The Southern Confederate Army bombarded the Union troops but no one died in this battle. It signified the 4 year long war that was going to be fought between the North and South.

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Lincoln presided over the Union victory in the American Civil War, which dominated his presidency. ... A former Whig, Lincoln ran on a political platform opposed to the expansion of slavery in the territories. His election served as the immediate impetus for the outbreak of the Civil War.

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The American Presidential Election of 1860

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Back in the 1800's, teachers and administrators were allowed to use corporal/ physical punishment when kids acted inappropriately. There are still states that practiced this up until 2017. We have now focused our discipline issues to being more restorative in helping the kids that are not acting correctly.

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Corporal Punishment in schools hot topic of conversation in Frankfort

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Harriet was an escaped slave that helped to free slaves to the North. She put her life on the line hundreds of times. She used the Underground Railroad that hid people that were trying to escape. She was a hero to all people and lived her life to help others to be free.

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HARRIET | Official Trailer | Now Playing

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Children were used in the textile mills during the Industrial Revolution because they could paid very little and they could fit into smaller spaces to fix machines. They also had very long work days. The Great Depression helped to end child labor since they needed to make more job for the adults out of work.

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Before There Were Child Labor Laws | Georgia Stories

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it was a way to communicate through a series of dots and dashes through a telegraph. a person would receive the telegram and then translate the message to be read.

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Text to Morse

Just type letters, numbers and punctuation into the top box and the Morse code will appear in the bottom box with a "#" if the character cannot be translated. This is not a great tool for learning Morse code as looking at the dots and dashes does not help. Instead, try one of the training tools.

Morse to Text

You can type Morse code into the top box using "." for a dot and "-" or "_" for a dash. Letters are separated by spaces and words by "/". The text translation will appear in the bottom box. If a letter cannot be translated a "#" will appear in the output.

Sound, Light & Vibration

The "Play", "Pause", "Stop" and "Repeat" buttons control the playback. You can choose between hearing the sound, seeing a flashing light, or having your phone vibrate using the "Sound", "Light" and "Vibrate" checkboxes. The "Configure" button reveals advanced options to control the frequency and speed and switch between telegraph and radio sound styles. The flashing light and download buttons do not currently work when in "Telegraph" mode.

Notes

This tool works in most browsers: please see the FAQ if you are having problems.

If you would like to see a list of all the Morse code characters please go to my Morse Code page. If you have any questions about Morse code or the translator, please read my FAQ first.

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The translator can translate between Morse code and Latin, Hebrew, Arabic and Cyrillic alphabets. It can play, flash or vibrate the Morse code. You can also download the sound and share a link to use it to send messages to your friends. The speed, Farnsworth speed and frequency of the sound are all fully adjustable.

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This was a time period in the United States when there was a large change in how things were made.  There were many new inventions in order to make life easier.  Things were made by hand were now made by machines.

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the Mexican american war resulted in american gaining taxes, new mexico California, Utah, Nevada Arizona and Colorado. it was 66% of the land we have today.

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What Caused the Mexican-American War of 1846-48?

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Santa Anna was the leader of the Mexican army during the Mexican american war. he was known as very ruthless and the mean leader. if people did do what he said, he would kill them

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1. Santa Anna headed the Mexican government on 11 occasions.

The decades following Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821 were plagued by political dysfunction. Both violent and nonviolent coups were regular occurrences, and the opportunistic Santa Anna took advantage of the instability. He constantly changed with the political winds and declared himself at various times to be both conservative and liberal, democrat and dictator. From 1833 to 1835, he served as Mexico's president four times before becoming a military-backed dictator. Although disgraced after the Texas Revolution, Santa Anna staged a political resurrection and served as president seven more times between 1839 and 1855.

2. He proclaimed himself the "Napoleon of the West."

Santa Anna idolized another 19th-century figure who straddled the military and political spheres-French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. The Mexican general was a devout reader of Napoleonic biographies and an avid collector of Napoleonic artifacts. Portraits of the French emperor adorned the walls of his estates, and his military regiments sported uniforms inspired by the French Army. Having seen a portrait of Napoleon riding heroically ahead of his troops, Santa Anna decided to also lead his troops from the front, and he mimicked his hero's tactics, even making his troops march in the same manner as Napoleon's army, down to the precise inch. When Santa Anna sought to mirror Napoleon's sweep across Europe in his offensive against the Texas rebels in 1836, however, he encountered the same disastrous fate suffered by his idol in his Russian campaign of 1812.

3. He staged a state funeral for his amputated leg.

Two years after the 1836 Battle of the Alamo, Santa Anna led a makeshift army against French forces who had invaded Veracruz, Mexico, in what has been called the "Pastry War." After the general was severely wounded by grapeshot fired from a French cannon, doctors were forced to amputate his leg, which Santa Anna buried at his Veracruz hacienda. After he once again assumed the presidency in 1842, Santa Anna exhumed his shriveled leg, paraded it to Mexico City in an ornate coach and buried it beneath a cemetery monument in an elaborate state funeral that included cannon salvos, poetry and lofty orations. Santa Anna's severed leg did not remain in the ground for long, however. In 1844, public opinion turned on the president, and rioters tore down his statues and dug up his leg. A mob tied the severed appendage to a rope and dragged it through the streets of Mexico City while shouting, "Death to the cripple!"

4. Santa Anna's prosthetic leg was captured as a battlefield trophy.

During the 1847 Battle of Cerro Gordo in the Mexican-American War, the 4th Illinois Infantry surprised Santa Anna, who fled without something quite important-his prosthetic cork and a wooden leg. The Illinois soldiers seized the leg as a trophy piece that they brought back to their home state, where it toured at country fairs before falling into the possession of the Illinois State Military Museum. The Mexican government's repeated requests to repatriate Santa Anna's fake limb have been denied.

5. He was once exiled to Staten Island.

Like his idol Napoleon, Santa Anna found himself exiled on several occasions after being deposed from power. His banishment following his last stint as dictator brought the former Mexican leader to an unlikely location-the future New York City borough of Staten Island. After Santa Anna met with U.S. Secretary of State William Seward on the Caribbean island of St. Thomas in 1866, con men convinced him that the United States-the country against which he had fought during the Mexican-American War-would back his attempt to return to power in Mexico and depose Emperor Maximilian, the ruler hand-picked by Napoleon's nephew, French Emperor Napoleon III. When Santa Anna arrived in New York City in May 1866, however, he learned that he had been duped. After spending years on Staten Island, Santa Anna returned to Mexico shortly before his death in 1876.

6. Santa Anna helped to introduce chewing gum to the United States.

During his forced retirement in Staten Island, Santa Anna imported a chewy, rubber-like substance harvested from Mexican sapodilla trees-chicle. When Santa Anna's personal secretary and interpreter showed the material to friend Thomas Adams, the amateur inventor was intrigued and thought he could use it to produce a rubber substitute. With the help of Santa Anna, who hoped the experiments would result in a windfall that could finance a return to power, Adams spent $30,000 in an unsuccessful attempt to vulcanize the chicle. While that venture failed, however, Adams successfully added flavorings and sweeteners to the plant to create "rubber chewing gum." The chewing gum company started by Adams would become one of the largest in the country, rivaled only by that of William Wrigley Jr., and the developer of Chiclets.

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6 Things You May Not Know About Santa Anna

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The decades following Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821 were plagued by political dysfunction. Both violent and nonviolent coups were regular occurrences, and the opportunistic Santa Anna took advantage of the instability. He constantly changed with the political winds and declared himself at various times to be both conservative and liberal, democrat and dictator.

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the Donner family attempted to travel west through the sierra Nevada mountains, but got stranded in a huge snow storm.they ended up relying on cannibalism to survive although many died on the excursion.

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Pioneers, families, mountain men , Chinese immigrants ,49ers were among the groups of people that traveled west for a better life.