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Management, after time, advocated for the enslaved Africans to be treated more humane. After all, the enslaved were the bridge between the masters and their profits. Thus, the Amelioration Policy and Consolidated Act were introduced into the system.

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My comments on Caribbean Civilization course. 

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My comments on Caribbean Civilization course. 

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Overall, I must admit that i enjoyed the course. The historic content of the Caribbean allowed me to acknowledge the hardships of my African ancestors. I am therefore fully aware of how privileged I am to have an understanding of the life my ancestors endured for me as well as others to live as comfortably as we are today. Overall, the lectures were interesting, and so too was the book, "Beyond Massa" which was written by the course lecturer, John Campbell.

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African influences on the contemporary Caribbean society

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African influences on the contemporary Caribbean society

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The Caribbean as a result of the historic experiences of the people, contains many aspects of the African culture. These may include:

1. Food- Okra, pigeon peas, callaloo, breadfruit and ackee

2. Dance- Bele

3. Religion- The Africans were forced to change their religion while on the plantations as a result they practiced their beliefs in secrecy and used the Christian practices as a cover. As a result there was a fusion between Christianity and the African religions, known today as Vodou. Baptiste is also another religion based on African influences.

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                                             RESISTANCE 

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                                             RESISTANCE 

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The enslaved showed both active and passive form of resistance against the ill treatment they endured on the plantations.
Active resistance: This form of resistance is very open. One daring form of this is revolts. Four major revolts that happened in the Caribbean are:

1. Berbice/Coffy Revolt (1763)

2. Haitian Revolution (1791)

3. Barbados/Bussa's Revolt (1816)

4. Sam Sharpe/Christmas Rebellion (1831)

Passive resistance: more subtle form of resistance.
These may include:

1. Suicide

2. Ill treatment of the estate's animals

3. Abortion

4. Malingering

5. Murder by poison

6. Feign madness

7. Feign illnesses

8. Prolonged nursing periods

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http://answersafrica.com/8-most-horrific-and-inhuman-black-slaves-punishment-in-the-history-of-slavery.html

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Slaves were forced to change their names after being bought. If they resisted to accept their new names they would've endured whippings.
Roots, YouTube. Assessed 25th November, 2016

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Source: http://brentbooks.blogspot.com/2012/03/what-punishments-did-african-slaves.html

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Whipping, hanging, burning, branding, beating , shackling and imprisonment were all forms of punishments that the enslaved endured. They would be punished for many things such as if they resist, tried to run away, disobeyed commands etc.

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Field work was tough, long and hard. The Africans, both male and female toiled for long hours under the humid weather conditions day after day. The planters took great interest in ensuring that the enslaved worked and maximum production was achieved. They allocated the workers into gangs based on physique, age and gender to do specific tasks in order to achieve faster production. As a result of this division of labor some labors worked on the field and some in the factory. Hence creating a distinction between skilled and unskilled workers.

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One might assume that working in the great house was glamorous however it was not. Although the tasks required were much easier than that of field work as well as the hours were more flexible etc, the women were exposed to great amounts of sexual abuse.

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Both males and females worked alongside one another on the fields. The males however, were given the harder and more risky tasks. Such tasks entailed Broilers, Distillers and Wainmen. The Europeans believed that women couldn't have done those tasks. Hence the reason why males were seen as more valuable than females. Many females worked in the great houses as cooks, maids or washers.

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Little Dread, "Slavery in Jamaica", Youtube. Assessed 23rd Novemeber, 2016

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Captives were usually traded at auctions or scrambles (free-for-all). At the free-for-all planters would fight for the slaves they want to buy.

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Sugar production meant a large labor force. Therefore purchasing slaves was an important factor for plantation managers. Slaves were quite expensive. They cost anything from 5 pounds to 100 pounds each depending on age, gender, health and skills as well as the rise and fall of sugar prices. As a result managers ensured that the slaves worked. In fact they were overworked.

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                                      The Journey

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                                      The Journey

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The journey through the middle passage was a long and devastating one. The journey usually took months and the captives suffered from poor health due to unsanitary and inhumane conditions. Diseases, seasickness and death were common among slaves on board the voyage.

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On board the Middle Passage males and females were separated. The males were packed together below deck and were secured by leg irons. They either had to crouch or lie down because of the lack of available space. The women and children however, were kept in separate quarters and sometimes on deck. This allowed them limited freedom to move around and exposed them to violence and sexual abuse from the crew. Women also had the power to force the African males to attack the ship crew. The crew, being aware of this ensured that the both sexes were separated on board the ships.

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Crash Course, "The Atlantic slave Trade", YouTube. Assessed 23rd November, 2016

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In this type of slavery slaves were considered property and could be bought, sold, traded or inherited. This is the type of slavery that was practiced in the Caribbean.

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Slavery consists in placing one person at the disposal of another who may or may not abuse his power, the essential feature is not the misery of the individual but their degradation.

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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1h316.html

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All voyages were usually insured and covered drowned slaves. As a result the ship-crew took advantage of this and used it as a money- making operation. Once there was an outbreak of diseases among the enslaved, they fell ill, or even as a form of punishment, slaves would be thrown overboard. The shipowners in return would then claim for each 'drowned' slave.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1h280.html

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The Transatlantic Slave Trade also known as the Triangular Trade

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The Transatlantic Slave Trade also known as the Triangular Trade

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Portcites Bristol, "Bristol and the Transatlantic slavery". Assessed 20th November, 2016

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Climate

The tropical climate within the Caribbean resembled that of Africa. Therefore making it easier for African to work on the plantations and endure the heated daily temperature because their bodies were already accustomed.

Physique

One of the main features that the European managers looked for when purchasing slaves was their body type. Many Africans were associated with the muscular physiques. As a result this, their physique became an important aspect when purchasing slaves as they believed that their physique was associated with strength.

Slavery already existed in Africa

Many parts of the African continent, slavery already existed. However the enslaved were treated more like indentured labors as they had rights and their treatment was less inhumane. The type of slavery which the Europeans practiced however, was known as 'chattel' meaning that the enslaved were no longer viewed as people but property and hence were treated accordingly.

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Within the 19th century sugar was in high demand. Hence, developing the sugar industry was an avenue to achieve wealth. Many islands in the Caribbean such as Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados were once British colonies and were used for sugar production. According to Dr. Eric Williams, the British wanted to become the "sugar emporium of the world” (163), hence they located and allocated all resources needed to ensure that their goal was achieved.
In light of this, one should not that the reason behind slavery within the Caribbean was not founded on racism but that of wealth and capitalism.

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Part of working in the Great House entailed nursing and taking care of the White women children. As a result of this, some of the African women and the children created close bonds which the Whites disliked. However, If the African women had refused to nurse the White children or do as told in the household they would've been whipped and punished.
Pinterest, Jena Kelly, www.pinterest.com/pin/235735361723359701/.