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Hey everyone, this is the article I was talking about. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/04/dina-nayeri-ungrateful-refugee

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Empire Envy x Euro-megalomania + a continent sized wooden spoon = Germany.

I find the Fischer Thesis pretty convincing. While there were a lot of tensions and everyone was already on the defensive, German officials (namely the Kaiser and leading military officials) effectively lit the paper-bag of the Ferdinand assassination to spark war while at a safe enough distance to avoid the blame of the ...dirt ...on everyone's shoes.

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The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarejevo in June 1914, i believe was a significant cause of WW1. I also dont think that all the alliances helped the situation as if Russia didn't have its entente with Britain and France then it may not have been as catestrophic. Also the Treaty of London (the agreement Britain had with neutral Belgium) and Shleiffen Plan didn't help matters as it meant that when Germany invaded France through Belgium then Britain would have had no option but to join the war. Therefore, i believe that if all the alliances, ententes and treaty's hadn't been in place then WW1 may not have been as catestophic

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When Mr Ferdinand was assassinated, quite rightly it annoyed the people of Austria - Hungary, and there was soon a declaration of war against Serbia. For many and myself I feel this act was the impetus (thesaurus at work) that sparked WW1.  ( I am not sure the tash helped)

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I mentioned this to Helen on Friday; it's more for your local history than A Place in the Sun, but it should be helpful. It gives advice on how to reference a lot of unusual sources

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The Newsam Library and Archives at IOE, UCL's Faculty of Education and Society, holds extensive collections of current and historical materials on education and related areas of social science.

IOE LibGuides content has moved: Please follow the links below to access:

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The Newsam Library and Archives holds extensive collections of current and historical materials on education and related areas of social science. In addition to supporting the work of staff and students at IOE, UCL's Faculty of Education and Society, the library welcomes enquiries from scholars, researchers and others in the community with an interest in education.

Key Resources

The Main Education Collection contains an extensive range of materials related to education published in the UK and a wide range from around the world.

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A wide range of electronic resources such as databases, electronic books, documents and websites can be accessed by UCL students and staff.

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The Newsam Library and Archives at IOE, UCL's Faculty of Education and Society, holds extensive collections of current and historical materials on education and related areas of social science. IOE LibGuides content has moved: Please follow the links below to access: LibrarySkills@UCL: training and support enable you to make the best use of UCL's libraries and resources.

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Last padlet task guys!

Please will you write a short paragraph about what YOU think was the most important cause for WW1. You can also argue that you don't think it was any one in particular if you want, but you need to say why they were all equally important in that case. Try to back it up with some kind of evidence.

Also, don't forget to bring your essays so far next week. :)  If you've not started yet, that's fine too! We can work on a plan in lesson.

Have a great week!

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Hi all!
I'm not sure if this will be covered in the lectures, but here is a nifty little book I found online on how the British and Indians adapted to the consequences of the Mutiny. Especially useful if you are working on the Mutiny essay. Thanks, Hafeeza :)

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Mungo Park was one of the explorers looking for the Niger (who of course died on the way). He didn't die the first time though, and he wrote a journal. It's freely available online and an interesting read!

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Travels in the interior of Africa, by Mungo Park; 1858; A. and C. Black, Edinburgh.

First published in 1799, Travels in the Interior of Africa is teh Scottish explorer Mungo Park's account of his journey through Senegal and Mali to the central portion of the Niger River, the first time a Westerner is known to have reached such central regions. With the backing of Sir Joseph Banks, Park was employed (for £11 a month) to journey solo though unknown lands to seek out the legendary city of "Tambuctoo" and try and ascertain the course of, and if possible, termination point of the river Niger. Park's kit which greeted him upon arrival on the Gold coast was basic to say the least: two shotguns, two compasses, a sextant, a thermometer, a small medicine chest, a wide-brimmed hat, an umbrella and, bizarrely, a blue dress coat with brass buttons (four of which he'd later gift to a native woman for her kindness to him) and a silver-topped cane. 100 miles up the Gambia river, at an English outpost, Park spent 5 months preparing for the journey - which included learning the local language of Mandingo, and succumbing to a month-long bout of malarial fever (which probably ended up saving him later on). On 2nd December 1795, when the time came to eventually set out on his journey proper, he refused to travel with a local slave caravan - a decision thought to be symbolic - instead, setting out with just two servants and mule. The journey took him two years in total, including a four month stint imprisoned at the hands of a Moorish chief, and seven months in living the simple hut of a man who'd taken him in when he'd fallen ill. Park eventually returned to Scotland by way of Antigua on 22 December 1797. He had been thought dead, and his return home with news of the discovery of the Niger River evoked great public enthusiasm. An account of his journey was drawn up for the African Association by Bryan Edwards, and his own remarkably detailed, honest and compelling narrative appeared in 1799, instantly becoming a best-seller.

Park was to return for a second trip in 1805. This time he travelled much further down the river Niger (reaching, and travelling beyond Timbuktu) but eventually was to perish in its waters. After his canoe struck a rock, hostile spear-throwing natives forced Park and his crew to the river in which they drowned, all apart from a servant who lived to recount the story of the explorer's death. Such a fate was one Park seemed prepared for. In a letter to the head of the Colonial Office, dispatched on route, he wrote: "I shall set sail for the east with the fixed resolution to discover the termination of the Niger or perish in the attempt. Though all the Europeans who are with me should die, and though I were myself half dead, I would still persevere, and if I could not succeed in the object of my journey, I would at least die on the Niger."

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Mungo Park's Travels in the Interior of Africa (1858)

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First published in 1799, this remarkable book is the Scottish explorer Mungo Park's account of his journey through Senegal and Mali to the central portion of the Niger River, the first time a Westerner is known to have reached such central regions.

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Available freely through project Gutenberg.

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No specific padlet task this week. :) Just carry on with your research; if you find something good it might be nice to post it on here.

There are the source questions if anyone wants to have a go at them. I'm quite happy to mark them for you and give some feedback.

Also, I don't think I thanked everyone for posting on Padlet this week! Well done, I'm proud of you all, there were some very interesting sources!

Have a lovely week!

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"Hi all, this is a map from 1804. The really interesting thing about this map is that is from Boston, America! The caption given by the collector reads: 'Coloured. Very attractive small American copy of a chart from Malham’s original London edition of 1795 shows the coasts of southern India and Ceylon from the Gulfs of Kutch and Cambay to Bombay and Cape Comorin on the west coast, and from Bengal and the mouths of the Ganges south to the Coromandel coast, Madura and the Gulf of Manar on the east coast. A decorative & colorful compass rose with fleur de lys & radiating rhumb lines appears in the Bay of Bengal & another in the Indian Ocean. A finely engraved and decorative chart.' Americans were busy still abolishing slavery and ratifying various amendments to the Constitution, so I'm not 100% sure why they were bothering commissioning cartographers with copying maps..."

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Thought this was a good source and interesting to see in one image for how it shows the ch
anges in power over the years.

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Article about inter-racial marriages in India in 19th century i.e. British/Indian marriages 

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Article about inter-racial marriages in India in 19th century i.e. British/Indian marriages 

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https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/dec/09/britishidentity.india

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Helen posted this, I'm just moving it to the top so it's easier to find. :)

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In pictures: Rare 19th Century pictures of India

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A selection of rare 19th century pictures of India taken by legendary photographer Raja Deendayal.

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Curry and Rice by George Francklin Atkinson (1860)

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Curry and Rice by George Francklin Atkinson (1860)

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There won't be time to look at this, unfortunately, on Friday, but it's a great little book about the English in India during our period!

You can download the whole thing as a PDF, it has poems, prose and a lot of drawings.

I really recommend having a look!

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"Curry & rice" on forty plates; or The ingredients of social life at "our station" in India.

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"Curry & rice" on forty plates; or The ingredients of social life at "our station" in India.

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Bigger image and more detail about source 3

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A sale of English-beauties, in the East Indies

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A ship-load of English courtesans has just arrived in Calcutta and is being sold by a thin and foppish auctioneer who stands on the extreme left on an improvised rostrum. The women are being inspected by Englishmen and orientals whose appearance is more Turkish than Indian.

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Bigger image of source 1

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'Blood on thunder fording the Red Sea' (Edward Thurlow, Baron Thurlow; Warren Hastings) - National Portrait Gallery

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by James Gillray, published by Samuel William Fores hand-coloured etching published 1 March 1788 © National Portrait Gallery, London

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Bigger image of source 2. :)

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'The political-banditti assailing the saviour of India' - National Portrait Gallery

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by James Gillray, published by William Holland hand-coloured etching published 11 May 1786 © National Portrait Gallery, London

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HiHi,

Task for this week - please find any source (primary or secondary) on India in the 18th century.

There's a lot of good books, films and cartoons about this period. There'll be newspaper articles if you want to have a look, and lots of historians writing about it. So anything you find. :)

Have a very nice week!

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Minute by the Hon'ble T.B. Macaulay, 2nd Feb 1835

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Minute by the Hon'ble T.B. Macaulay, 2nd Feb 1835

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Minute on Education, mentioned in today's lecture.

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html

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I think the fact that trade in India became the focal point of the East India Company was a major factor in why India was conquered in the 18th century. Also the fact that there seemed to be no resistance from the Indians and the Mughal Empire, Britain was just able to gradually take control without major interference. It appeared as though india just let it happen

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The fact that it was made up of states made the transition smoother although Britain did fight. it was on a smaller scale as opposed to a full scale war and it was done over a longer period giving time for more assessments on French movements and position.

The other colonial powers in India competing for the share of resources were Portugal, Denmark, and Holland. Of the 4, Denmark and Holland could never really be serious competitors to the British, they had their own trading posts, scattered around, but were never a serious threat. Portugal focussed primarily on the Western coast, Goa, parts of Kerala, Karnataka, and this left the British with vast swathes of unoccupied territory. That left France as the major contender to Britain in the race for colonialism. The British Army was better equipped, more professional, more disciplined compared to the French army, suffering from indiscipline and corruption. This made the British win key battles all over the East Coast, as they effectively grabbed control.
http://history.stackexchange.com/questions/2939/what-were-the-main-causes-of-successful-take-over-of-india-by-britain

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Hello people,

Please will you describe what YOU think the reason was for why India was conquered in the 18th Century.

You can use the sources from the lecture, or from your own reading!

Thank you very much, and have a lovely weekend!

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Hafeeza's source 2 (wouldn't fit in one)

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Hafeeza's source 2 (wouldn't fit in one)

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"THE UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS (Sir E. GREY, Northumberland, Berwick)  said, that he had on previous occasions specifically stated that the status of slavery existed not only in Zanzibar, but in all Mahommedan protectorates in Africa. The universal practice where the Mahommedan law was in existence in British protectorates was that the institutions of the country were as far as possible undisturbed, though political influence outside these protectorates was placed entirely in the hands of the British Government. In Zanzibar there were three regulations, not all new, but which had only lately come under the influence of British officials. One of them was that whenever slaves were treated cruelly by their owners, and the cruelty was proved, they were set free. Another was that the slaves might not be inherited by anyone but the children of their owner, so that if the owner died and left no direct issue his slaves became free. The third was that slaves were not to be imported into the island, and that every man landing after a certain date became free. He believed that people in the status of slavery did not multiply rapidly; that the tendency was for the slave population not to perpetuate itself. That being so, it was obvious that, provided the Rules he had described were strictly enforced, the institution of slavery in Zanzibar must within a comparatively limited number of years die a natural death."

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"Hi all. I was researching on specific countries and the slavery that they had going. Zanzibar in particular stood out to me. They already had an Arab slave trade going before they were included in the British protectorate in 1890. (Quite late, I know)  Arabs ruled from the 17th Century, with 50,000 slaves traded. Zanzibar's case was quite different in that they had to try and 'synthesise' the Mohammadean Laws (I'm assuming this is Sharia?, Actually, this is regarding the ruler at the time who had the surname Mohammed) with the British Slavery Legislation. (It also surprised me that they were quite sympathetic in doing this).

Onto my primary source:

Whilst researching Zanzibar, it came to my attention that, as early as 1804, there was considerable talk in the House of Commons over their legislations over slavery.

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Gives a sense of how the slaves lost their human identity. Gives insight on a personal level

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Declaration of Sentiments of the American Anti-Slavery Society

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Declaration of Sentiments of the American Anti-Slavery Society

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from National Archive website

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"An Act to regulate, for a limited Time, the shipping and carrying Slaves in British Vessels from the Coast of Africa"

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it was resolved that the said Trade

was both impolitick and unjust

to read what was in the letter use the link  http://www.bl.uk/learning/images/makeanimpact/transcript9101.html

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An Excerpt From a 1788 Account Describing the Capture and Kidnapping of Africans as Part of the Slave Trade.

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An Excerpt From a 1788 Account Describing the Capture and Kidnapping of Africans as Part of the Slave Trade.

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Not a short excerpt, but will post some comments over the weekend.

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Please can you all find one (or more!) primary source about slavery during our period of study.

Please post it on here, with a note or two about what you think it's saying. Thank you!

Have a lovely week!

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about a slave who was going to get freedom but out of bad look diden.t
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOi1-2c0bcg

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We're not up to slavery yet, but thought this video might be useful. It's only 3 minutes.

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Slavery was practiced throughout the American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries, and African slaves helped build the new nation into an economic powerhouse through the production of lucrative crops such as tobacco and cotton. By the mid-19th century, America's westward expansion and the abolition movement provoked a great debate over slavery that would tear the nation apart in the bloody Civil War. Though the Union victory freed the nation's four million slaves, the legacy of slavery continued to influence American history, from the Reconstruction era to the civil rights movement that emerged a century after emancipation.

When Did Slavery Start?

Slavery in America started in 1619, when a Dutch ship brought 20 African slaves ashore in the British colony of Jamestown, Virginia.

Throughout the 17th century, European settlers in North America turned to African slaves as a cheaper, more plentiful labor source than indentured servants, who were mostly poor Europeans.

Though it is impossible to give accurate figures, some historians have estimated that 6 to 7 million black slaves were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone, depriving the African continent of some of its healthiest and ablest men and women.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, black slaves worked mainly on the tobacco, rice and indigo plantations of the southern coast, from the Chesapeake Bay colonies of Maryland and Virginia south to Georgia.

After the American Revolution, many colonists-particularly in the North, where slavery was relatively unimportant to the agricultural economy-began to link the oppression of black slaves to their own oppression by the British, and to call for slavery's abolition.

Did you know? One of the first martyrs to the cause of American patriotism was Crispus Attucks, a former slave who was killed by British soldiers during the Boston Massacre of 1770. Some 5,000 black soldiers and sailors fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War.

But after the Revolutionary War, the new U.S. Constitution tacitly acknowledged the institution of slavery, counting each slave as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of taxation and representation in Congress and guaranteeing the right to repossess any "person held to service or labor" (an obvious euphemism for slavery).

Cotton Gin

In the late 18th century, with the land used to grow tobacco nearly exhausted, the South faced an economic crisis, and the continued growth of slavery in America seemed in doubt.

Around the same time, the mechanization of the textile industry in England led to a huge demand for American cotton, a southern crop whose production was unfortunately limited by the difficulty of removing the seeds from raw cotton fibers by hand.

But in 1793, a young Yankee schoolteacher named Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a simple mechanized device that efficiently removed the seeds. His device was widely copied, and within a few years the South would transition from the large-scale production of tobacco to that of cotton, a switch that reinforced the region's dependence on slave labor.

Slavery itself was never widespread in the North, though many of the region's businessmen grew rich on the slave trade and investments in southern plantations. Between 1774 and 1804, all of the northern states abolished slavery, but the so-called "peculiar institution" of slavery remained absolutely vital to the South.

Though the U.S. Congress outlawed the African slave trade in 1808, the domestic trade flourished, and the slave population in the U.S. nearly tripled over the next 50 years. By 1860 it had reached nearly 4 million, with more than half living in the cotton-producing states of the South.

History of Slavery

Slaves in the antebellum South constituted about one-third of the southern population. Most slaves lived on large plantations or small farms; many masters owned fewer than 50 slaves.

Slave owners sought to make their slaves completely dependent on them, and a system of restrictive codes governed life among slaves. They were usually prohibited from learning to read and write, and their behavior and movement was restricted.

Many masters took sexual liberties with slave women, and rewarded obedient slave behavior with favors, while rebellious slaves were brutally punished. A strict hierarchy among slaves (from privileged house slaves and skilled artisans down to lowly field hands) helped keep them divided and less likely to organize against their masters.

Slave marriages had no legal basis, but slaves did marry and raise large families; most slave owners encouraged this practice, but nonetheless did not usually hesitate to divide slave families by sale or removal.

Slave Rebellions

Slave rebellions did occur within the system-notably ones led by Gabriel Prosser in Richmond in 1800 and by Denmark Vesey in Charleston in 1822-but few were successful.

The slave revolt that most terrified white slaveholders was that led by Nat Turner in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831. Turner's group, which eventually numbered around 75 blacks, murdered some 60 whites in two days before armed resistance from local whites and the arrival of state militia forces overwhelmed them.

Supporters of slavery pointed to Turner's rebellion as evidence that blacks were inherently inferior barbarians requiring an institution such as slavery to discipline them, and fears of similar insurrections led many southern states to further strengthen their slave codes in order to limit the education, movement and assembly of slaves.

Abolitionist Movement

In the North, the increased repression of southern blacks only fanned the flames of the growing abolitionist movement.

From the 1830s to the 1860s, the movement to abolish slavery in America gained strength, led by free blacks such as Frederick Douglass and white supporters such as William Lloyd Garrison, founder of the radical newspaper The Liberator, and Harriet Beecher Stowe, who published the bestselling antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.

While many abolitionists based their activism on the belief that slaveholding was a sin, others were more inclined to the non-religious "free-labor" argument, which held that slaveholding was regressive, inefficient and made little economic sense.

Free blacks and other antislavery northerners had begun helping fugitive slaves escape from southern plantations to the North via a loose network of safe houses as early as the 1780s. This practice, known as the Underground Railroad, gained real momentum in the 1830s and although estimates vary widely, it may have helped anywhere from 40,000 to 100,000 slaves reach freedom.

The success of the Underground Railroad helped spread abolitionist feelings in the North; it also undoubtedly increased sectional tensions, convincing pro-slavery southerners of their northern countrymen's determination to defeat the institution that sustained them.

Missouri Compromise

America's explosive growth-and its expansion westward in the first half of the 19th century-would provide a larger stage for the growing conflict over slavery in America and its future limitation or expansion.

In 1820, a bitter debate over the federal government's right to restrict slavery over Missouri's application for statehood ended in a compromise: Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state, Maine as a free state and all western territories north of Missouri's southern border were to be free soil.

Although the Missouri Compromise was designed to maintain an even balance between slave and free states, it was able to help quell the forces of sectionalism only temporarily.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

In 1850, another tenuous compromise was negotiated to resolve the question of slavery in territories won during the Mexican-American War.

Four years later, however, the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened all new territories to slavery by asserting the rule of popular sovereignty over congressional edict, leading pro- and anti-slavery forces to battle it out-with considerable bloodshed-in the new state of Kansas.

Outrage in the North over the Kansas- Nebraska Act spelled the downfall of the old Whig Party and the birth of a new, all-northern Republican Party. In 1857, the Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court (involving a slave who sued for his freedom on the grounds that his master had taken him into free territory) effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise by ruling that all territories were open to slavery.

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

In 1859, two years after the Dred Scott decision, an event occurred that would ignite passions nationwide over the issue of slavery.

John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, Virginia-in which the abolitionist and 22 men, including five black men and three of Brown's sons raided and occupied a federal arsenal-resulted in the deaths of 10 people and Brown's hanging.

The insurrection exposed the growing national rift over slavery: Brown was hailed as a martyred hero by northern abolitionists, but was vilified as a mass murderer in the South.

Civil War

The South would reach the breaking point the following year, when Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected as president. Within three months, seven southern states had seceded to form the Confederate States of America; four more would follow after the Civil War began.

Though Lincoln's anti-slavery views were well established, the central Union war aim at first was not to abolish slavery, but to preserve the United States as a nation.

Abolition became a goal only later, due to military necessity, growing anti-slavery sentiment in the North and the self-emancipation of many African Americans who fled enslavement as Union troops swept through the South.

When Did Slavery End?

On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation, and on January 1, 1863, he made it official that "slaves within any State, or designated part of a State...in rebellion,...shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free."

By freeing some 3 million black slaves in the rebel states, the Emancipation Proclamation deprived the Confederacy of the bulk of its labor forces and put international public opinion strongly on the Union side.

Though the Emancipation Proclamation didn't officially end all slavery in America-that would happen with the passage of the 13th Amendment after the Civil War's end in 1865-some 186,000 black soldiers would join the Union Army, and about 38,000 lost their lives.

The Legacy of Slavery

The 13th Amendment, adopted on December 18, 1865, officially abolished slavery, but freed blacks' status in the post-war South remained precarious, and significant challenges awaited during the Reconstruction period.

Former slaves received the rights of citizenship and the "equal protection" of the Constitution in the 14th Amendment and the right to vote in the 15th Amendment, but these provisions of Constitution were often ignored or violated, and it was difficult for former slaves to gain a foothold in the post-war economy thanks to restrictive black codes and regressive contractual arrangements such as sharecropping.

Despite seeing an unprecedented degree of black participation in American political life, Reconstruction was ultimately frustrating for African Americans, and the rebirth of white supremacy-including the rise of racist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)-had triumphed in the South by 1877.

Almost a century later, resistance to the lingering racism and discrimination in America that began during the slavery era would lead to the civil rights movement of the 1960s, which would achieve the greatest political and social gains for blacks since Reconstruction.

PHOTO GALLERIES

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Slavery was practiced throughout the American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries, and African slaves helped build the new nation into an economic powerhouse through the production of lucrative crops such as tobacco and cotton. By the mid-19th century, America's westward expansion and the abolition movement provoked a great debate over slavery that would tear the nation apart in the bloody Civil War.

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Please do some research into history and the moving image. Is it any use to us as historians? What do we need to take into account? That sort of thing.

I've added some resources onto moodle (under week 4) but feel free to find your own if you'd rather.

Have a nice week!

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some people may be interested in this
http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episodes/b07vcs6w?suggid=b07vcs6w

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I watched The Mayflower Pilgrims: Behind the Myth on BBC iPlayer.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b084fmgq/the-mayflower-pilgrims-behind-the-myth?suggid=b084fmgq
It was quite interesting in terms of hearing the Pilgrims story from England/Holland to Plmouth Rock

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Nelson's Caribbean Hell-Hole: An Eighteenth Century Navy Graveyard Uncovered

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Nelson's Caribbean Hell-Hole: An Eighteenth Century Navy Graveyard Uncovered

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01s6gjx

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The race for Africa

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Our trip to Liverpool docks and the Slavery Museum

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b084fmgq

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British History's Biggest Fibs with Lucy Worsley: The Jewel in the Crown

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British History's Biggest Fibs with Lucy Worsley: The Jewel in the Crown

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b08d7y3n/british-historys-biggest-fibs-with-lucy-worsley-series-1-3-the-jewel-in-the-crown

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http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images3/thenewworld.jpg
think Ill give this  a whirl

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I'm going to be watching Aguirre: The Wrath of God. It's about a conquistador

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I'm going to be watching Aguirre: The Wrath of God. It's about a conquistador

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This padlet is the hardest thing in history to find.

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This padlet is the hardest thing in history to find.

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Just a reminder, please watch a film/ tv drama that is related to empire or colonialism for after half term. Thank you!

If you could post on here with a brief description or any comments too please.

Have a lovely half term everyone. :D

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Hello