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organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another.

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a technique using echoes of ultrasound pulses to delineate objects or areas of different density in the body.

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is a laboratory apparatus most commonly used to amplify segments of DNA via the polymerase chain reaction

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a temperature-resistant DNA polymerase isolated from Thermus aquaticus that can extend primers at high temperatures; used in the polymerase chain reaction.

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denoting the liquid lying above a solid residue after crystallization, precipitation, or other process.

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a variation in a single base pair in a DNA sequence.

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practice of using medical techniques to choose the sex of offspring.

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an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites.

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a short strand of RNA or DNA that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis

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procedure used prior to implantation to help identify genetic defects within embryos created through in vitro fertilization to prevent certain diseases or disorders from being passed on to the child.

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a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

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the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

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practice of testing every newborn for certain harmful or potentially fatal disorders that aren't otherwise apparent at birth. With a simple blood test, doctors often can tell whether newborns have certain conditions that eventually could cause problems.

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the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

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is a complex series of procedures used to treat fertility or genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child.

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the genetic makeup of an organism or group of organisms with reference to a single trait, set of traits, or an entire complex of traits.

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full set of chromosomes

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the sequencing of human DNA in order to discover genetic differences, anomalies, or mutations that may prove pathological.

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patients or relatives at risk of an inherited disorder are advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder

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the application of genetic engineering to the transplantation of genes into human cells in order to cure a disease caused by a genetic defect, as a missing enzyme.

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the basic physical unit of heredity; a linear sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA that provides the coded instructions for synthesis of RNA, which, when translated into protein, leads to the expression of hereditary character.

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a change in the usual nature of a substance, as by the addition of methanol or acetone to alcohol to render it unfit for drinking, or the change in the physical properties of a substance

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The process of producing a clone. A clone is a cell, cell product, or organism that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which it was derived.

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a prenatal test for detecting birth defects at an early stage of pregnancy

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genetic testing that is used to determine if a person is a carrier for a specific autosomal recessive diseases.

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to heat a material, such as glass or metal, followed by controlled cooling to remove internal stresses

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a surgical procedure for obtaining a sample of amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac in the uterus of a pregnant woman by inserting a hollow needle through the abdominal wall, used in diagnosing certain genetic defects or possible obstetric complications.