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This approach was coined the first force of psychotherapy. The Psychodynamic approach was initiated by theorist Sigmund Freud and those whom based their theories off of his work (Jung, Alder, and Erickson). The psychodynamic approach focused on human functioning as the basis of ones interaction of drives and forces; predominantly unconscious.

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Theorist such as B.F Skinner, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser, and Donald Meichenbaum all contributed to the Behavioral and Cognitive approach. Their efforts produced this second force. The emphasis of treatment is on the effects of thoughts and actions on emotions (Reichenberg & Seligman, 2014). The interventions target the “here and now” instead of focusing on the future. The treatments are developed to reduce negative irrelevant thoughts by replacing them with positive thoughts and actions (Reichenberg & Seligman, 2014).

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The third force that transpired in the 1960s and was greatly influenced by Carl Roger. The work of Carl Roger, Fritz Perls, Viktor Frankl, and various others highlights the role emotions and sensations play in finding and understanding the meaning of life. Additionally, the Existential-Humanistic approach stresses the benefits of forming and obtaining a therapeutic alliance (Reichenberg & Seligman, 2014).

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This treatment approach was the fourth force. The eclectic approach was created in the 21st century as a by-product of the other three forces. This approach highlights the importance of understanding components of individual identity; such as one’s gender, culture, age, race, and sexual orientation. Becoming culturally competent and being open to multiple perspectives effected theories of counseling and psychotherapy. These therapies (narrative therapy, dialectics, and etc.) ultimately promote the change of one’s emotions, perceptions and behavior (Reichenberg & Seligman, 2014).