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In animal cells a ring of protein (microfilaments) located immediately beneath the plasma membrane at the equator pulls the plasma membrane inward.
The inward pull on the plasma membrane produces the characteristic cleavage furrow.
When the cleavage furrow reaches the centre of the cells, it is pinched apart to form two daughter cells.

In plants Golgi apparatus forms vesicles that consist of material to build a new cell wall. Vesicles merge and form the cell plate. The cell plate grows and divides into two daughter cells.

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Mind Mapple

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The division of the nucleus.

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How to Calculate Surface Area to Volume Ratio of Cells (SA:V)

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Smoking and incidence of lung cancer after a smoker quits.

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The longer a person smokes, the higher the risk that the person will develop lung cancer.

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Smoking not only causes lung cancer, but also a range of other types of cancers, as well as other diseases like asthma and stroke.

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Metastasis is the movement of cells from a primary tumour to other parts of the body where they develop into secondary tumours.

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Cancer can occur in any organ or cell and hence in any part of the body.

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A benign tumor is usually localised, and does not spread to other parts of the body. Most benign tumors respond well to treatment.

A malignant tumour is a cancerous growth that is often resistant to treatment. It may spread to other parts of the body and sometimes recur after it has been removed.

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1.6 Skill: Determination of mitotic index from a micrograph

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This video will teach you how to determine the mitotic index from a micrograph or from a microscope's field of view.

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It is very important to use the correct terminology when describing chromosomes, sister chromatids or chromatin. During interphase, DNA is present as chromatin. Following prophase, the phase when DNA supercoiling takes place, the DNA is visible as a pair of sister chromatids that are identical to each other connected by a centromere. After the sister chromatids are separated during anaphase, they are referred to as chromosomes.

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Note that DNA is initially packaged by histones to form chromatin, which undergoes further condensation to form the chromosome. Thus, chromatin is a lower order of DNA organisation, while chromosomes are a higher order of DNA organisation.

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Short Video

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mitosis 3d animation | Phases of mitosis | cell cycle and cell division | mitosis and meiosis