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1. The Inca Empire was a monarchy, ruled by a single leader, who would be called the Sapa Inca.
2. Within the Inca Empire, there was a central 8economy. There was no large scale trade, and every citizen must be productive, it was extremely successful. The Incas did not have physical currency, but required a tax and laziness was not acceptable. Although Incans did not rely on trade, they traded hand made items throughout the main four roads of Cuzco: Chinchaysuyu, Cuntisuyu, Collasuyu, and Antisuyu.
3. The social structure of the Inca Empire was strict, you must have been in the same social class as the person you wish to communicate with. If disobeyed, hands and feet, and eyes were gouged out and dumped into the town square.
4. Incan people were polytheists, believing in multiple gods such as Marco Cápac (first king of the Incas) and Gods Pachamama (the Goddess of Earth). The architecture was mainly consistent of stones, brick, and adobe; its prominent pre-Columbian structures had Tiwanaku influence.
5. The environment was mainly shaped by the Incans through farming in the mountains, where they cut flat planes into the land. (Terrace farming)
6. Sara Loc
7. (Above)

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For each state you and your group need to identify the following:
1. Type of State/Government, Identify & Describe
2. Economic System/s, Potential Trade Route Connections, Potential Trade Partners
3. Social Structure or Hierarchy
4. Notable Cultural Characteristics (Religion & Architecture at minimum)
5. How do inhabitants shape the environment?
6. Name/s of group member/s working on this section
7. Support with at least 1 image or other form of media depicting an aspect described (to add more images, just drop a new pin nearby)

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1. Kingdom ruled
- Centralized government
- Ruled by Nobles, Scholars, and Religion
- Christian led kingdom
2.
- Highly influenced by Agriculture (plow based farming; wheat, barley, millet, and teff)
- Close access to the Mediterranean Sea
- Close to Eqypt (trade through Nile River)
- Very trade heavy economy, allowing imports/exports form India, Arabia, the Roman Empire, and the heartland of Africa
- Jewerly work and Iron work
3. Social structure/ Hierarchy
- Small communities organized by kinship, age, and gender
- Respect for elders, younger generation get advice from older generations
- Men dominated labor intesive activities (blacksmithing)
- Women dominated agriculture, domestic jobs, and food gathering, raised family/elders
4. Cultural Characteristics/
- Ethiopia is heavily influenced by Christianity
- Communication w/spirit world
- Dancing rituals during weddings/funerals: rythmic patterns, handclaps, bells, pots, and gourds, lots of singing
5. How do the inhabitants shape the environment,
- 11 religious architecture carved from rock structures
- When Sahara dried out the people migrated south

6. Eva Marsden
7. The photo above depicts one of the 11 Christian chruches build out of rock

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1. Made up of 7 ethnic states
- No central authority (kin-based networks)
- Self governed by chiefs, who formed councils
- Domination from bordering allies was common
- Male head of network (chief)
2. Thrives on trade across Sahara (trans-Sharan trade),
- Trade by camel caravan (carries rock salt in exchange for gold)
- heavily agriculture based
- trade networks connected with Indian Ocean
- federations divided themselves based on economic ties, ex: states located in plains would base in agriculture
3. Social Structure, Revolves around center of religion and academics
- Male chief was head of network (kin-ship ties)
- Western states specialized in military
- Trade brought Muslims
- Women = take care of children, elders, and farming
- Men do skilled labor (blacksmithing)
4. Cultual Characteristics
5. How do inhabitants shape the environment
6. Eva Marsden, Jenny Dietz
7. 1 image

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1) - Zimbabwe was a kingdom (monarchy)
- state was ruled by a monarch
- Great Zimbabwe was capital of kingdom for period of time
2) - connected by coastal trade routes
- traded with coastal city-states like Mombasa and Kilwa
- tied to Indian Ocean trade
- economy was largely based on trade and gold
3) - hierarchical society with local leaders
- had monarchs as well as chiefs
4) - exchange of goods through trade brought cultural diversity
- traders blended Bantu and Arabic -> Swahili language
- construction of stone edifices and monuments
- became known as a stone city
- had protective stone walls around city up to 5 meters high and without the use of mortar
- Islam spread to Great Zimbabwe
5) - overgrazing in Great Zimbabwe damaged surrounding environment
- damage was so great that the city was eventually abandoned and fell into ruin
6) Jenny Dietz

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Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA

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1. believed to have been an egalitarian tribal system, meaning everyone was treated as an equal (provided with equal resources and authority), though information about Chaco's political complexity remains debated/unknown.

2. the economic center of the San Juan Basin, argued to have been a financial system, in which the entirety of the population provided food and technological innovations.

3. believed to have been a chiefdom, centralizing leadership and elements of redistributive economy

4. massive stone buildings known as "great houses", which were surrounded by technology to provide for more sustainable living (such as astronomical markers and water control devices. The structures were built specifically according to their blueprint, without adding on subsequent to its construction

Aaralyn Robinson

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Mesa Verde National Park, Mesa Verde, CO, USA

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1. What type of State or Government is it? The Mesa Verde were nomadic, basket makers and constituted many clans. They passed on their skills and traditions from generation to generation. They used nature to their advantage and built their dwellings beneath the overhanging cliffs.

2. What was the Economical System, Potential Trade Routes and Potential Trade Partners? They were farmers, but got their food by gathering wild plants, hunting deer, rabbits, squirrels, and other game. Their efficiency system gave them a surplus, which they shared and traded with neighbors. For example, Turquoise, pottery, cotton all made their way to the Mesa Verde. They were passed along from village to village or carried by traders on foot over far-flung networks of trails.

3. What was the Social Structure of Hierarchy? Several generations lived together as a household. Each family occupied several rooms and built additional rooms as the family grew. Several related families constituted a clan, which was probably matrilineal, tracing descent through the female line. If the analogy with current Hopi practice is correct, each clan would have had its own kiva and rights to its own agricultural plots. They wore hides, warm footwear during the winter.

4. Name: Aretha CC-Okeke

5. What were Some Notable Cultural Characteristics? They used materials from environment. Most of the cliff dwellings were built from the late A.D. 1190s to late A.D. 1270s. They range in size from one-room structures to villages of more than 150 rooms such as Cliff Palace and Long House. Many rooms were plastered on the inside and decorated with painted designs.

6. How Do Inhabitants Shape their Environment? They used their environment a lot. Most walls were single courses of stone, perhaps because alcove roofs limited heights and protected the walls from erosion by the weather. They made tools for grinding, cutting, pounding, chopping, perforating, scraping, polishing, and weaving from stone, bone, and wood.

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Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, Collinsville, IL, USA

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1. Cahokia has a chiefdom government, where there are hierarchal political movements, led by leaders that are close in kinship to their citizens.
2. The economic activity of Cahokia consisted of the effective creations of hand made stone tools, manufacturing, and agriculture. Located between the Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois rivers, Cahokia was able to trade as far as the Great Lakes to the north and Gulf Coast to the south.
3. Cahokia had a hierarchal system, where there were different classes. In these classes, there was the chief, and a superior class that controlled the workers in the lower class. 4. People of Cahokia were highly religious, the hierarchy worshipped the civilization leader as if they were a deity. Some architecture was also made to connect the superior class to the power of the skies.
5. The citizens of Cahokia created mounds, which were used for ceremonial events and housing, linked to the Mississippian culture. They mainly shaped the environment through farming of crops and earthworks.
6. Sara Loc
7. (Above)

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1. Type of State/Government, Identify & Describe

main form of mayan government was the city state, each was ruled by a king and the range was a city and its surrounding territory

govt was a theocracy, rule by religious leaders

2. Economic System/s, Potential Trade Route Connections, Potential Trade Partners
- conquered people had to pay tribute and yield their land
- conquered people given protection
- tribute consisted of valuable items such as feathers, metals

3. Social Structure or Hierarchy
- religious leaders at the top of social hierarchy
- "great speaker" religious leader, most important
- then nobles, army men, landowners, merchants, peasants, and slaves

4. Notable Cultural Characteristics (Religion & Architecture at minimum)

- religion was central to their society
- human sacrafices
- feasts
- noblewomen had female scribes

5. How do inhabitants shape the environment?

- lots of temples for religious ceremonies were built

6. Name/s of group member/s working on this section

- ava noelle garcia

7. Support with at least 1 image or other form of media depicting an aspect described (to add more images, just drop a new pin nearby)

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1. Hierarchical government ruled by kings and priests
2. Extensive trade system, center of Mayan trade was Cerros, Belize, Merchants traded cacao beans throughout Mesoamerica not only in the Maya lands but also to the Olmec, Zapotec, Aztecs
3. Maya society was rigidly divided between nobles, commoners, serfs, and slaves
4. Palaces, pyramid-temples, ceremonial ballcourts, and structures specially aligned for astronomical observation
5. They had intense droughts and rising sea levels so they made a sophisticated rainwater collecting system

Cherry Vo

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Once Complete, you need to start thinking collectively and looking for trends and patterns.

Together, complete the writing tasks in Greenland, Russia, Australia, and Argentina.

When done, click "share", copy link, and submit the link to the HUB assignment along with adding all group member's names

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Identify and Explain one similarity between the states in what is now the United States.

1. One similarity between the states in what is now the United States is that in each of those states, there was a sort of hierarchy and leader. While the leaders may not have been the same people (for example, in Chaco society the hierarchy was focused around the family provider or head of the family, whilst in Cahokia society, there was more of a structure around those who were older or better hunters and a class system) there was always a leader or someone with a lot of power over the group of people.

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Identify and Explain one difference between the two states in Central America.

One difference between the two states in Central America is that material used to build their homes, and the motivation behind their buildings. The Chaco and the Mesa Verde both emerged in Southwestern United States. Due to the scarce amount of trees, both States had to find ways to adapt to their surroundings. The Chaco built large housing structures using stone and clay. The buildings were placed within a landscape surrounded by sacred mountains, mesas, and shrines that still have deep spiritual meaning for their descendants. The people of Mesa Verde used sandstone to build their multi-story houses.
Aretha CC-Okeke

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Identify and Explain one difference between the record keeping systems of the Inca and Hausa Kingdoms
- One difference between the Inca record system and the Hausa Kingdoms record system would be, that the Hausa Kingdoms had a written alphabet while the Inca did not. The Inca RCS incorporates a series of knots in a string called quipu. These knots were still able to be used to depict articles and other formal documents. On the other hand the Hausa kingdoms used these people called griots, which were story tellers in a sense that would both write history in books as well as pass information orally.

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Identify and Explain one Economic similarity between the two East African States

One economic similarity between the two East African States, Ethiopia and Great Zimbabwe is that their economies were both heavily reliant on trade. Both Great Zimbabwe and Ethiopia were connected to the coastal and Indian Ocean trade routes. They both were heavily involved in these trade routes, as Ethiopia traded goods from places like India and the Roman Empire and Great Zimbabwe gained wealth by taxing the transportation of gold through these trade routes and by trading with coastal city-states. This trade contributed to their economies because they were able tax the exports and imports as well as gain money by trading with other states, and this significant profit that they made through this trade was able to support their economies by bringing money into the state.
Jenny Dietz