# data[].attributes.headline
 2,000 B.C. Egyptians use yeast to ferment beer and leaven bread

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 2,000 B.C. Egyptians use yeast to ferment beer and leaven bread

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A fermented bread product was first made by the Egyptians as early as 2,000 BC. To “start” a new dough, a small piece of flour, or leaven, was to be used. Their mixing process was interrupted by yeast production, and the baked goods rested for up to hours before fermenting.

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500 B.C. The first antibiotic using moldy soybean

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500 B.C. The first antibiotic using moldy soybean

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Chinese use moldy soybeans to treat boils, the first use of an antibiotic.
Similarly, Ukrainian peasants were using moldy cheese to treat infected wounds.

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1857: Louis Pasteur proposes that microbes cause fermentation

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1857: Louis Pasteur proposes that microbes cause fermentation

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In 1857, Louis Pasteur proposes that microbes cause fermentation, which is the chemical breakdown of substances. He was able to use this information to create a process called pasteurization that kills microbes and preserves products.

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1914: Bacteria are used to treat sewage for the first time in Manchester, England.

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1914: Bacteria are used to treat sewage for the first time in Manchester, England.

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Aerobic bacteria use oxygen, which is added mechanically, to break down wastewater contaminants, converting it into energy. Bacteria use this energy to grow and reproduce. Anaerobic bacteria obtain oxygen from their food source. As anaerobic bacteria break down sludge, they produce methane gas

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1890: Robert Koch publishes his postulates to determine causal relationships between microbes and disease

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1890: Robert Koch publishes his postulates to determine causal relationships between microbes and disease

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Robert Koch published his postulates to determine causal relationships between microbes and disease in 1890. His postulates included 4 criteria to determine whether a specific organism caused a disease. The postulates were eventually found obsolete since there are diseases that don't fit the criteria.

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1919: The term “biotechnology” is used for the first time in print by Hungarian Karl Erek

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1919: The term “biotechnology” is used for the first time in print by Hungarian Karl Erek

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The term "biotechnology" was used in 1919 for the first time in Karl Erek's book Biotechnologie.

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1928: Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin

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1928: Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin

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Alexander Fleming was a professor of Bacteriology at St. Mary's Hospital in LondonFleming found that his "mold juice" (penicillin) was capable of killing a wide range of harmful bacteria, such as streptococcus, meningococcus and the diphtheria bacillus.

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1938: Commercial production of Bacillus thuringiensis as a biopesticide begins in France for control of corn borers

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1938: Commercial production of Bacillus thuringiensis as a biopesticide begins in France for control of corn borers

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Commercial production of Bacillus thuringiensis as a biopesticide began in France for control of corn borers in 1938. Bacillus thuringiensis got its name from German scientist Ernst Berliner who isolated a strain of the organism in 1911.

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1953: James Watson and Francis Crick elucidate the structure of DNA

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1953: James Watson and Francis Crick elucidate the structure of DNA

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The discovery in 1953 of the double helix, the twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid by James Watson and Francis Crick marked a milestone in the history of science and gave rise to modern molecular biology, which is the understanding of how genes control the chemical processes within cells.

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Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is isolated by Osamu Shimomura, who shares the Nobel Prize in 2008 for the discovery of this protein. It was first isolated from bioluminescent jellyfish

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1972: Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer use restriction enzymes and ligases to express a foreign gene in bacteria

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1972: Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer use restriction enzymes and ligases to express a foreign gene in bacteria

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In 1972, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer had a landmark experiment and were able to put foreign rDNA into bacteria. This experiment was an important step towards being able to clone an organism.

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1975: Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein produce the first monoclonal antibodies

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1975: Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein produce the first monoclonal antibodies

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Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein produced hybridomas, to create the first monoclonal antibodies in 1975. They went on to with a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1984.

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1980: Approval of patenting an organism 

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1980: Approval of patenting an organism 

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The US Supreme Court approves the principal of patenting an organism, allowing oil company Exxon to patent an oil-eating bacterium.  This was used in treating oil spills.

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The first biotechnology drug, recombinant human insulin, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and marketed under the brand name Humulin. This is used for the treatment of Diabetes.  Humulin is an intermediate-acting insulin that can last throughout the day.

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1983: First field trials of genetically modified crop (herbicide-resistant tobacco) in the U.S. and France

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1983: First field trials of genetically modified crop (herbicide-resistant tobacco) in the U.S. and France

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In 1983, the first field trials of genetically modified crop (herbicide-resistant tobacco) occurred in the U.S. and France. A bacteria gene was used for this.

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In 1985, Kary Mullis invented the process known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in which a small amount of DNA can be copied in large quantities over a short period of time. CR has been of major importance in both medical research and forensic science.

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1986: DNA fingerprinting evidence is used for the first time in court

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1986: DNA fingerprinting evidence is used for the first time in court

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In 1986, DNA fingerprinting evidence was used for the first time in court. The case was about the murder of Dawn Ashworth and even though there was someone who confessed to the crime, the police was unsure if this was true, and so DNA evidence was used.

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1990: The first product of recombinant DNA technology in food industry. 

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1990: The first product of recombinant DNA technology in food industry. 

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CHY-MAX, an enzyme used for making cheese, is the first product of recombinant DNA technology to be used in the U.S. food industry. FDA approved the use of FPC in food. It was the first time a bioengineered product was permitted in food in the U.S. Insulin, manufactured in a similar fashion, was approved by FDA eight years earlier as a drug

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1990: Human Genome project is launched. 

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1990: Human Genome project is launched. 

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An international team of researchers began to sequence and map all of the human genes. This allowed us to read the complete natures blueprint for what makes a human being.

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1993: FDA approved recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST), branded as Posilac, to increase milk production in dairy cows

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1993: FDA approved recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST), branded as Posilac, to increase milk production in dairy cows

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The FDA approved of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST), branded as Posilac, to increase milk production in dairy cows in 1993. Posilac began to sell in 1994 and is now used in every state.

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1994: The first genetically modified staple crops are grown by farmers for commercial use

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1994: The first genetically modified staple crops are grown by farmers for commercial use

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In 1994, the first genetically modified staple crops are grown by farmers for commercial use. This crop was a delayed-ripening tomato.

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1996: Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut creates Dolly the sheep, the first cloned animal from an adult cell

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1996: Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut creates Dolly the sheep, the first cloned animal from an adult cell

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Dolly the sheep was successfully cloned in Scotland in 1996 by Ian Wilmut. Dolly was the first mammal to ever be successfully cloned from an adult cell. Dolly died after 6 years and lived shorter than the average life expectancy for sheep.

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According  to Breastcancer.org.  Hercepin is a HER2 inhibitor targeted therapy. Herceptin works against HER2-positive breast cancers by blocking the ability of the cancer cells to receive chemical signals that tell the cells to grow.

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 1999: Bio-Rad develops a test for developing bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or mad cow disease)

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 1999: Bio-Rad develops a test for developing bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or mad cow disease)

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Bio-Rad hasn't had much time to plan a strategy. The life-sciences company got into the BSE test market almost by accident in 1999 when it bought a French lab, Pasteur Sanofi Diagnostique, which happened to have the patent for a BSE test kit

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The CRISPR DNA locus is first characterized.  It was  discovered in the Escherichia coli

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2001: The first draft of the complete human genome is released

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2001: The first draft of the complete human genome is released

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The Human Genome Project was an international study about the available sequences of most of the genetic content of the chromosomes of the human genome. On information that came out of the study was that the estimated amount of genes was around 30,000-35,000. This amount was lower than expected.

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2001: The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) is formed and announces the Human Proteome Project, whose mission is to map the human proteome

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2001: The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) is formed and announces the Human Proteome Project, whose mission is to map the human proteome

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In 2001, The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) is formed and announces the Human Proteome Project, whose mission is to map the human proteome. This is an international organization that aims at understanding all parts of human biology.

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2003: GloFish, the first transgenic fish expressing green fluorescent protein, were launched as pets in the U.S.

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2003: GloFish, the first transgenic fish expressing green fluorescent protein, were launched as pets in the U.S.

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GloFish were available to purchase as pets in the United States in 2003. Yorktown Technologies introduced GloFish to the American market. The average life expectancy is 3-8 years.

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2006: Mature cells first reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells

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2006: Mature cells first reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells

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In 2006, mature cells were first reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. This was by Shinya Yamanka, who eventually got a Nobel prize for it.

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2008: Human adult skin cells are reprogrammed to have the same properties as embryonic stem cells, for the first time

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2008: Human adult skin cells are reprogrammed to have the same properties as embryonic stem cells, for the first time

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Human adult skin cells were reprogrammed to have the same properties as embryonic stem cells in 2008, for the first time. This opened the door for personalized stem cell therapies. This was done at UCLA.

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CRISPR-Cas9 system first demonstrated as a tool for editing DNA in eukaryotic cells. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology modifies this immune response that can edit almost any genetic target

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2010:FDA approves Provenge, the first cancer vaccine for prostate cancer. Craig Venter and colleagues create the first synthetic cell.

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2010:FDA approves Provenge, the first cancer vaccine for prostate cancer. Craig Venter and colleagues create the first synthetic cell.

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Provenge is an autologous cellular immunotherapy indicated for the treatment of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate resistant (hormone refractory) prostate cancer.It took nearly 15 years of research and development for Provenge.  Provenge extended median survival beyond two-years, demonstrating a median improvement of 4.1 months

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2012:FDA approves its first plant-based recombinant drug, Eleyso for treating Gaucher disease

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2012:FDA approves its first plant-based recombinant drug, Eleyso for treating Gaucher disease

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Protalix's first approved product manufactured by ProCellEx, ELELYSO™ (taliglucerase alfa), an enzyme replacement therapy for the treatment of Gaucher disease, was approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on May 1, 2012.  Elelyso, an enzyme replacement therapy for the treatment of Gaucher’s disease, is produced in genetically engineered carrot cells.

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 2013: U.S. Supreme Court rules that naturally occurring genes cannot be patented

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 2013: U.S. Supreme Court rules that naturally occurring genes cannot be patented

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The U.S Supreme Court ruled today that "naturally occurring" human genes cannot be patented  meaning that they cannot be claimed as a human invention.The Court decided that because nothing new is created when discovering a gene, there is no intellectual property to protect, so patents cannot be granted

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2017: The FDA approves first CAR-T therapies for leukemia and lymphoma

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2017: The FDA approves first CAR-T therapies for leukemia and lymphoma

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Kymriah was first tested at Penn in 2010, in clinical trials of adult patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In 2012, a collaboration with Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia launched a study of the therapy in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. That same year, Penn and Novartis entered into an alliance to further research, develop, and commercialize CAR T-cell therapies. In 2017 it was approved by the FDA.

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2020: First patients receive CRISPR-based treatment for genetic disorders (sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia)

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2020: First patients receive CRISPR-based treatment for genetic disorders (sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia)

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Jennifer Doudna helped to create CRISPR-treatment for genetic disorders such as sickele cell disease and beta thalassemia. The treatment have in in creation for several years and has been approved by the FDA.