# data[].attributes.body
How does the amount of water effect how many seeds are germinated in 48 hours?

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Null: The water will not affect germination of seeds.

Alternate: The water will increase the germination of seeds. The water will decrease the germination of seeds.

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Independent Variable:  How much water is being used
Dependent Variable: Number of seeds

Procedure
1. Get materials. (50 seeds, 5 Petri dishes, water)
2. Put 10 seeds in each Petri dish
3. Put the different amounts of water to each Petri dish
4. Record Data about the seeds

# data[].attributes.body
The amount of water did not affect the number of seeds that germinated. The data bars on the graph are right around each other and overlap. This proves that the amount of water does not affect the number of seeds that germinate because the error bars are the best indicator of how many seeds germinated. The error bars for 10, 15, and 20 all overlap. Then the bars for 5, 15, and 20 all overlap too. Meaning that all of the data is not that far from each other at the end of the day. This would indicate the amount of water does not affect the number of seeds that germinate.

# data[].attributes.body
Does Moisture affect the number of bugs in a choice chamber?

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Null: Moisture will not affect the number of bugs on each side.

Alternate: Moisture will increase the number of bugs on one side.

# data[].attributes.body
Independent Variable: Moisture
Dependent Variable: Number of bugs on each side

Procedure
1. Put a wet paper towel on one side of a choice chamber, and a dry paper towel on the other.
2. Put 5 rolly pollies on each side.
3. Record data every minute for 10 minutes on if the rolly pollies switched side.

# data[].attributes.body
Moisture increases the number of isopods in a choice chamber. During the lab experiment done most commonly, there were more isopods on the wet side than the dry side. The 5 isopods that started on the wet side never left to see how the other side was. The error bars for this experiment do not overlap. This proves that moisture increases the number of isopods in a choice chamber because during the experiment the error bars for the graph do not overlap. The wet side had an average of 7.1 isopods, and the dry side had an average of 2.9 for the dry with an error bar of 0.34. This would indicate that the data is accurate and that the isopods do not want to be on the dry side when a wet side is an option. Isopods also have gills that need water. So they always have to be near moisture so they can live. That is why they were the majority on the wet side.

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Does different temperatures affect isopods in a choice chamber?

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Null: Temperature does not affect isopods in a choice chamber.

Alt. Temperature increases the number of isopods in a choice chamber.

# data[].attributes.body
Independent Variable: Temperature
Dependent Variable: Number of isopods on each side

Procedure
1. Pour hot water into a petri dish
2. Get another petri dish and put it right next to the other petri dish
3. Get a choice chamber and put 5 bugs on each side
4. Then put the choice chamber on top of the two petri dishes
5. Record the sides the bugs are on every minute for the next 10 minutes

# data[].attributes.body
Temperature decreases the number of isopods in a choice chamber. During the lab experiment we started with 5 bugs on the room temperature, and then 5 bugs on the hot side. The average amount of isopods in the room temperature was 7.6 isopods. In comparison the average number of bugs in the hot side was 2.4. On top of this with the error bars they do not touch or overlap. From this information we can learn that the bugs would rather be on the room temperature side then be on the hot side. We know this from the average number of bugs on the room temperature side being 7.6 on the side, and then the hot temperature side had an average of 2.4 bugs on the side. The error bars are 0.76 meaning that the data is consistent and does not have a lot of outliers. Isopods also enjoy a colder, damp temperature. Meaning that they would not enjoy heat as much as they would enjoy a colder side. Further explaining why more isopods went to the room temperature side.

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How does Nitrate (No-2) ion concentration affect the growth of duckweed?

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Null: Nitrate ion concentration does affect how much duckweed grows.

Alternate: Nitrate ion concentration decreases how much duckweed grows.

# data[].attributes.body
Independent Variable: Nitrate ion concentration
Dependent Variable: Growth of Duckweed

Procedure:
1. Add 20mL of water into 5 petri dishes
2. Put 10 duckweed into each of the 5 petri dishes
3. Add no fertilizer to one petri dish, and 0.3mL to another one, 0.5mL to another, and finally 1.5mL to another one
4. Measure how much duckweed is in each petri dish once a day, over the next 12 days

# data[].attributes.body
Nitrate increases the growth of duckweed to a certain degree. During the lab experiment on average, there was more duckweed in the environments with more nitrate. When the nitrate level was 0 there was on average 16.3 duckweed. When the nitrate levels were higher and at 1.5 there was on average 34 duckweed. Along with these two prodigious differences, in between, there were 0.3 nitrate levels which on average 26 duckweed. With the 0.5 nitrate levels, it was on average 23.8 duckweed. With this evidence stated we can conclude that when there is a major increase in nitrate, then there is a major increase in duckweed. But when there is a much smaller increase in nitrate, then there is more of an even amount of duckweed between the two. With the difference between the 0 levels of nitrate and the 1.5 level of nitrate, there is a 17.7 difference between them. This would indicate that nitrate increases the amount of duckweed just off the major increase in duckweed between nitrate levels. But in the 0.3 level of nitrate and 0.5 level of nitrate, there is a -2.2 increase when going from 0.3 to 0.5. This would indicate that the amount of duckweed is closer when the nitrate levels are similar. Meaning that nitrate levels do increase duckweed amounts, but only up to a certain point.

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Does the amount of light a plant gets affect the rate of photosynthesis?

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Null: The amount of light will not affect the amount of photosynthesis.

Alt: The more light a plant gets will increase the amounts of photosynthesis.

# data[].attributes.body
Independent Variable: Amount of Light

Dependent Variable: Rate of Photosynthesis

Constants
1. Amount of Chads + Where they Start
2. Water Levels
3. Time
4. Temperature
5. Light Source

Procedure
1. Whole punch leaves
2. Put chads in a syringe and remove all the air
3. Put 10 chads in a cup of water that is about 4/5 full
4. Put a dish of water about half full on top of that
5. Either cover it up a little bit, cover it up completely, or do not cover it up depending on which experiment you are doing.
6. Start the timer and record data every 2 minutes for 12 minutes.

# data[].attributes.body
The more light a plant can get increases how much photosynthesis can occur. During the lab experiment, we found out that on average after 12 minutes the chads that got full light had on average 3.1 risen. But the chads that got partial light only had a 1.2 risen on average after 12 minutes. Finally, the chads that got no light had on average 0.1 chads risen after the 12-minute mark. The chads that got full light data had an error bar of 0.66. The chads with partial light had an error bar of 0.8. Finally, the chads with no light had an error bar of 0.11. The most logical conclusion that one can draw from this evidence is that plants that the amount of light a plant receives does affect the amounts of photosynthesis a plant can perform due to there being a difference in the data with less light and full light, and this data being accurate. There is a 3-chad risen difference between the chads that received all the light and the chads that received no light. Along with this, there was a 1.9 chad risen difference on average between the chads that got full light and the chads that got partial light. Showing that there is a difference in the number of chads that have risen depending on the amount of light they get from this data being different. The amount of chads risen proves that there is more photosynthesis because for the chads to be able to rise they need oxygen. For them to get oxygen photosynthesis needs to happen. On top of this with error bars, we know this data is accurate. For all of the data, the error bars are all under 1. With it being under 1 it means that all the data is just about similar proving that the experiment does not have a lot of outliers and unreliable data. If the experiment had higher error bars then it would be more unreliable and not prove the point that the more light a plant gets the more photosynthesis it can perform.

# data[].attributes.body
How does solute concentration affect water movement in potato cells?

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Null: Solute does not affect water movement in potato cells.

Alternate: Solute affects the direction and rate water moves in potato cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Independent Variable: Solute Concentration

Dependent Variable: Potato Mass Change

Constants:
1. Amount of Liquid (25mL)
2. Time
3. Potato Size + Shape

Procedure:
1. Weight the Potatoes
2. Put in 25mL of water and then add .2M of solute concentration to one cup, .4M into another, .6M into another, .8 into another, and leave one cup with just water.
3. Let soak for 24 hours
4. After the 24 hours weight just the potatoes
5. Calculate the final mass
(Final Mass-Initial Mass)/Initial Mass times 100

# data[].attributes.body
Solute does affect the direction and rate at which water moves in potato cells. During this experiment without there being any solute there was an increase of 23.5% of the mass in the potato cells on average. This was with just distilled water soaking the potato cells. While on the other hand with the potato cells that were soaked with solute and distilled water there was on average a 2.5% mass increase in potato cells when in .2M solute and the distilled water at the same time. As we go further there was a 4.5% decrease in potato cell mass on average with .4M of solute in the distilled water that was soaking the potato cells. The 2nd highest amount of solute that the potato cells were soaked in was .6M in which there was a 15.5% decrease in mass on average. Finally, the most solute that the potato cells were soaked in was .8M and there was a decrease of 27.7% in potato cell mass on average. This data all comes together to prove the idea that solute does affect the rate and direction that water moves in potato cells because it affects the growth of potato cells. It is clear to see that with the control group having no solute in it and there was an increase in potato cell mass, and then there was a huge drop off in growth once the solute was added. From this, you can interpret that the drop off in growth was caused due to the solute being added with the scenario of each of the experiments being just about the same and the only thing being changed was the solute that was added. Thus showing that solute does affect the direction and rate that water grows in potato cells.

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How long does each phase of mitosis take in onion root tip cells?

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The number of cells we identify in each phase is proportional to the time it takes to complete that phase. The total time to complete the cell cycle is 1440 minutes (24 Hours).

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During cell division the longest stage that occurs is Interphase. It is possible to infer this from the investigation that we performed. In the investigation, we looked at 1000 cells total and counted which stage they were in, and recorded it. From here we put it into a table in which the table did the math and added up all the totals and divided it up into the frequency each is showing up, (Out of 100%). From here we divided 1440 by that to get how many minutes each stage would approximately take. With this, we would get that Interphase should take around 795.5 minutes to occur. How do we know this is accurate? Well during the cell cycle, there are several things that lead up to mitosis and the cells actually dividing. That is where interphase comes in with it having all the cell-making and copying checkpoints occurring. With cell-making and copying along with the checkpoints are bound to take up a bit of time. So this makes sense with the data that we collected to conclude that interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle.