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Legislative branch is bicameral with House and a Senate this separation of powers is a result of the Great Compromise. Article 1 of the constitution gives the legislative branch Enumerated powers; power of the purse, power over interstate commerce, and military powers. It also gives the legislative branch implied powers which are powers that are necessary and proper for the legislative branch to carry out its powers.

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An organization of departments/ agencies that carry out day to day operations like: implementing laws, making and enforcing rules, enforcing public policy. The bureaucracy is made of approximately 3 million employees.

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The Judicial Branch is one of the three branches in our federal government. Their job is to interpret the Constitution.

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Interpret and determine the meaning of the law. Hears court cases and applies the law to situations. Determine if laws/other actions are constitutional (judicial review). Has to start with a lawsuit. Civil case- conflict between two people. Criminal case- Prosecutor is government, defendant is trying to prove innocence. The highest level of court is the Supreme Court. Below the Supreme Court there are district courts and appellate courts.

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This branch interprets and determines the meaning of the law including the Constitution, regulations, criminal statutes, and contract law. They can hear court cases and apply the law. This branch uses judicial review to determine if laws and actions are constitutional or unconstitutional. Article III creates a court system in the federal government with a Supreme Court. Congress can create lower courts in the federal system.

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lets people connect to the government from outside the government

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Inform the public and lawmakers about issue that matter to the group

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links people to the government

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An organization that is grounded in a certain baseline ideological belief that pushes candidates for elections, helps operate the government, and influences public policy.

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political action committee: organization that rises and spends money to elect + defeat candidates

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The informal powers/roles of the president are:
- party leader: promote their party's ideas and candidates.
-economic leader: creates plans and deals with issues related to the economy.
- bargaining and persuasion: setting priorities for Congress and attempting to get majorities to put through the president’s legislative agenda.
- issuing executive orders: regulations to run the government and direct the bureaucracy.
- issuing signing statements: giving the president's intended interpretation of bills passed by Congress.
- negotiating executive agreements: agreements with heads of foreign governments that are not ratified by the Senate.

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NNACP, Sierra Club, NRA

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The formal powers of the president are the veto, the pocket-veto, making treaties, and being commander in chief

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Federalist No. 70 written by Alexander Hamilton had a lot of influence on how the Executibe Branch was formatted. Hamilton argued that the branch should be headed by one person rather than multiple people. This led to the creation of the single President we have today. He also stressed that the President should be energetic in times of crisis. This has manifested into what we know today as Executive orders. Executive orders are directives given by the President that manages the rest of the federal government. These orders help the president to get things done quickly.

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Directive issued by the president to one or more agency or organization within the executive branch. This is an informal power of the president. If a president can not get legislation he supports passed, an executive order is a way around this.

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Our nation runs of a two party system, the republicans and democrats. The democrats promote change and economic involvement. Republicans favor tradition and a laissez faire system of economics.

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Interest groups educate people, encourage them to vote (for a particular candidate), create PACs, endorse candidates, create ads, and help draft legislation

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The Judicial Branch is more than just the Supreme Court. There are 58 trial courts, one in each county. There are 6 courts of appeal districts.

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The bureaucracy is apart of the iron triangle, the iron triangle is a relationship between the bureaucracies, interest groups, and congress the iron triangle forms mutual bonds between these 3 groups.
Writing an enforcing regulations: They have the power to interpret legislation and have the power to determine regulation components of the legislation.
Issuing fines & Compliance Monitoring: Can determine fines for when carrying out the legislative intent of congress
Testifying before Congress: informs congress of through oversight of the job that the government agencies are doing. cabinet secretaries & agency directors are often considered experts in their field & are asked to testify during committee hearings.

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The Senate has one hundred members, with each state having two senators to represent that state. The constitution grants the Senate these powers: proposing legislation, drafting and amending bills, oversight of the federal budget as well as the executive branch, and the power of filibuster. Filibuster is the delay or blocking of legislation through prolonged debate. The power to try all impeachments is given to the Senate. These senators will serve for six years and each have one vote each. In order to be a Senator, a person must be at least thirty years old and have been a US citizen for nine or more years. They must be an inhabitant of the state they are representing.
The Vice President of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but will typically not have a vote. The Senate will be able to chose their other officers and a president pro tempore. In the instance the Vice President cannot exercise the office of President when needed, the job of “president” will go to the President pro tempore.
The Senate approves treaties made with foreign nations and is able t give advice.

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The House of Representatives has the power to initiate revenue bills. They also have the power of impeachment and select the president if nobody gets a majority electoral vote. A States representation in the House is based on population. The Speaker of the House presides over the House, appoints members to committees, and schedules which bills will be discussed.

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businesses also lobby the government - typically through contracts with lobbying firms

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The parties fall onto a political spectrum, helping to describe where their ideology falls onto it. The left side of the spectrum describes Democratic ideology: radical (fundamental social change; radical), liberal (favors peaceful change). To the right, it describes Republican ideology: reactionary (want to undo change), Conservative (favor tradition).
Moderates describe a middle ground between both who have mixed ideology on the basis of change.

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Having one leader of the executive branch allows for quick action in times of need

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lobby congress and bureaucracy to pass laws

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The cabinet is a group of presidential advisors that includes the 15 top level executive departments and the Vice President.

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The court is supposed to treat all people the same regardless of wealth or social status. Everyone is innocent until proven guilty by the due process of law. The 5th Amendment in the Bill of Rights gives citizens the right to a jury trial when charged with a crime, the right to not be tried twice for the same crime, the right to not testify against themselves, and the right to a fair trial. The 6th Amendment gives citizens the right to a fair, speedy, and public trial, the right to a lawyer (court provided if the defendant can't afford it), the right to an impartial jury, and the right to know your accusers are and the charges/evidence brought against you.

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Article III of the Constitution creates “one supreme court, and such inferior courts” that Congress creates.

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Examples of Bureaucracy agencies are the FBI, FDA, OSHA, IRS, and CDC

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congress, intrest groups, and the bureacracy

campaign elections, funding, political support, lobbying and industry information

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persuade political leaders to support group interests

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Executive agencies are meant to "execute" or carry out the law.

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people who benefit from groups effort w/o joining said group

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Judicial Activism: a judicial philosophy holding that the courts can and should go beyond the applicable law to consider broader social implications of its decisions.
Judicial Restraint: a judicial interpretation that recommends favoring the status quo in judicial activities.

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Amicus Curiae Briefs are a way that interest groups can influence policy. The literally meaning of the Latin term means "friend of the court" It is a legal document that is written in order to influence the receiving court to make a decision that will lead to favorable outcomes for the writers.

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This was a Supreme Court case, led by Justice John Marshall, which established judicial review. Judicial Review was not a power that was originally in the Constitution.

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The president appoints a cabinet to run the various executive departments

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a person's belief that they can influence government and politics

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Article II Section 2 lets the president appoint officers and in the next section, states that the president has to make sure laws are "faithfully executed". Giving the executive this responsibility anticipates the formation of a bureaucracy while not explicitly listed.

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The president is seen as the symbolistic leader of the country and is looked to to fix the problems of the country and is also blamed for the problems of the country

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Conservatives push for a flat income tax in which everyone would pay the same percent. The conservatives who are okay with the progressive tax system still want lower taxes for all, including corporations. Additionally they push for lower government spending and greater fiscal responsibility. Liberals support the progressive tax system and believe in greater tax on the wealthy. They believe in trickle up economics and the benefits of government spending.

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1. Donate to political candidates
2. appoint new political candidates to run
3. Inform people
4. Act as a watchdog

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Conservatives and Liberals have different views on how the marketplace should be handled. Conservatives favor Supply Side Economics, which leaves as much money as possible to the people. They tend to favor very low regulation on business. Liberals, on the other hand, favor Keynesian Economics, where the government takes an active role in the stimulation of economic growth. This is usually accomplished through government spending programs. "Trickle Up Economics"

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1st --> Primaries and Caucuses
2nd -->National Conventions.
3rd --> General Election.
4th --> Electoral College (a candidate must receive 270 of the 538 electoral votes to become President)

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When Congress passes a law, it sets down guidelines to carry out the new policies.  Bureaucrats interpret the meaning of the law. The bureaucracy has some flexibility known as administrative discretion, in actual implementation.

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Opinion Polls: What is the public’s opinion on certain issues (taxes, abortion, Supreme Court nominee, environment, etc.) or a politician.

Tracking Poll: (Type of opinion poll)- A continuous poll to chart changes in the opinion of an issue or a candidate over time (ex. Presidential approval rating, gay marriage approval). Fluctuates over time.)

Benchmark Poll: A benchmark poll is typically the first poll that a candidate or prospective candidate will have conducted. Its purpose is to get an initial understanding of where you as a candidate stand with likely voters in your area & what issues they care about.

Entrance and Exit Polls: Conducted outside polling places on election day to publicly predict the outcome of the election after polls close.

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Head of State - living symbol of the nation
Chief Diplomat - directs U.S foreign policy and negotiation
Executive Leader - responsible for influencing laws
Legislative Leader - bargaining and persuasion, approves or vetos bills, recommends new laws
Party leader - Face of their respective party, endorses campaigns for other members
Economic Leader - creates plans to help foster economy
Commander-in-Chief - supreme commander of U.S military

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Interest groups can take the form of membership organizations. Individuals join voluntarily and they may have to pay dues. For example the NRA.

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They are the least powerful

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EX. Professional Interest Groups (businesses) 

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EX. Professional Interest Groups (businesses) 

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Exxon Mobil, Blue Cross, Amazon, Banks

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They are the least powerful

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The legislative consists of different committees who help pass bills through congress to create laws. The committees are filled with generalist on topics regarding the nation. The A congress member who introduces a bill is called a sponsor. When the bill is Brought out of committee to be considered its called a discharge petition.  The rules committee deals with procedures for how bills are discussed in their branch. The rules committee is more strict in the house because there are more member that need to speak. The conference committee meets when both houses have passed a law but the two laws differ. They create a compromise and send it back to each house to be voted. Committee of the whole is when the house is acting as a committee where every member serves.

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This is our current President, Joe Biden.

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Written by Alexander Hamilton. He argues in favor of lifetime terms and that if the judges on the supreme court are serving lifetime terms they will protect the constitution. Hamilton means the power of the sword, which is the power to make war, and the power of the purse, the power of the budget. He characterizes the judicial branch as not having a lot of power and being the weakest branch. He says that the judicial branch has to rely on others to enforce their decisions. If we did not project the constitution, it would take away justice and the constitution would not be as important.

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The case originated in Cleveland, Ohio. When police officers forced their way into Dollree Mapp's house without a proper search warrant. Police believed that Mapp was harboring a suspected bomber, and demanded entry. No suspect was found, but police discovered a trunk of obscene pictures in Mapp's basement. Mapp was arrested for possessing the pictures, and was convicted in an Ohio court. Mapp argued that her Fourth Amendment rights had been violated by the search, and eventually took her appeal to United States Supreme Court. At the time of the case unlawfully seized evidence was banned from federal courts but not state courts. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a 5-3 vote in favor of Mapp. The high court said evidence seized unlawfully, without a search warrant, could not be used in criminal prosecutions in state courts.

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Regulations can be challenged in court, and they are not put into effect until the legal issues are resolved. This checks the executive branch from abusing its power and making whatever regulations they feel fit.

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Originalism: one of the two ways that you can interpret the Constitution. The view that you should interpret the Constitution based on how the Founding Fathers originally meant it to be interpreted.
Living: one of the two ways that you can interpret the Constitution. The view that you should interpret the Constitution as a living document and that your interpretation should change as the modern times change.

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Interest groups work to increase membership, inform the public on issues they deem important, and organize rallies.

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POWERS:
- The President has the power to veto.
- The Vice President is the President of the Senate.
- The President is the Commander in Chief of the military.
- The President can make appointments of senior federal officials while the Senate is in recess.
- The executive branch, through the Federal agencies, has responsibility for day-to-day enforcement and administration of Federal laws. These Federal departments and agencies have missions and responsibilities that vary widely, from environmental protection to protecting the Nation’s borders.

RESTRAINTS:
- The legislative branch can override vetoes with enough votes.
- The legislative branch has the power to approve Presidential nominations, control the budget, and can impeach the President and remove him or her from office.

COMBO:
- The executive branch can declare Executive Orders, which are like proclamations that carry the force of law, but the judicial branch can declare those acts unconstitutional.
- The judicial branch interprets laws, but the President nominates Supreme Court justices, court of appeals judges, and district court judges who make the evaluations.

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Delegate: Votes based on constituents opinions.
Trustee: Votes based on personal opinion.
Partisan: Votes based on party beliefs.
Politico: Attempts to balance views to vote.

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As congress has power of the purse, they decide where to spend the federal budget/how to get money to pay for the country.
Discretionary: funding that congressional committees debate and decide how to divide. It pays for everything not mandatory.
Mandatory: A payment required by law or mandated for certain programs.

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Earmarks/pork barrel spending: funds earmarked for purposes specifically for a legislatures district

Logrolling: Trading votes to gain support for a bill. They back up someone else's bill so they will get votes for there own bill