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A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

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the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types

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A group or set of four.

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that phase when the chromosomes have finished moving to opposite ends of the cell.

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aggregates of microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division.

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Relating to or denoting heritable characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents, i.e., when not masked by a dominant characteristic inherited from one parent.

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a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

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The offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties, such as a mule

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the stage in meiosis II that follows after anaphase II

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This stage starts meiosis and is the same as prophase of mitosis with one important change

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The extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case.

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The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

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the chromosomes are aligned at the center of the cell

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A distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.

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The homologous pairs of chromosomes align on either side of the equatorial plate.

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A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores

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having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

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the chromosomes condense, and a new set of spindle fibers forms.

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The resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis

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Having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes

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are chromosomes that share: The same structural features (e.g. same size, same banding patterns, same centromere positions) The same genes at the same loci positions

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Having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes.

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The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

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a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

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A mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

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The genetic constitution of an individual organism.

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The action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

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the swapping of genetic material that occurs in the germ line. During the formation of egg and sperm cells, also known as meiosis, paired chromosomes from each parent align so that similar DNA sequences from the paired chromosomes cross over one another.

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Most important, powerful, or influential.

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containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

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the stage when sister chromatids of every chromosome separate and begin to move towards the opposite ends of the cell.

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Anaphase I is the third stage of meiosis I and follows prophase I and metaphase I. This stage is characterized by the movement of chromosomes to both poles of a meiotic cell via a microtubule network known as the spindle apparatus.

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One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.