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Confidence is a psychological state empowered by the belief you have in your ability to perform and achieve specific outcomes. This can affect sporting performance positively as if you have high confidence you will most likely have high levels of performance. The level of sports confidence influences thoughts, feelings, and behaviours which therefore influences performance.

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The positives of self-confidence include:  encourages positive emotions, aids concentration, motivate, encourage and inspire effort, controlling game play and tactics, increases risk taking behaviour, show approach behaviour and accept challenges, set more challenging goals, and being more resilient in the face of adversity. These positives can have a great impact upon an athletes performance levels as the athlete will gain more experience from choosing my challenging goals as they will have to play against more challenging opposition to achieve them, the athlete will also experience more reward due to taking more risks for example Trent Alexander-Arnold taking a corner quickly against Barcelona allowing Divoc Origi to score meaning they won the game and progressed to the next round of the cup, being more resilient will also help boost the athletes performance as it means if they find themselves in a loosing position they will fight their way out of it. A sporting example of the benefits of self confidence would be Olivier Giroud attempting a scorpion kick against Crystal Palace when the game was 0-0 to make the game 1-0 and this then lead Arsenal to go on to win the game 2-0, this shows self-confidence as it was a high risk shot to attempt and is very challenging to execute which shows he had a high level of self confidence in his own ability to attempt it.

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Optimal self confidence is the ideal amount of self confidence that allows you to perform at the highest level possible due to increased resilience and increased risk taking. The negatives of low confidence or over confidence are that it can decrease performance, increase risk of injury, reduce motivation, cause inadequate preparation. All these things will have a negative impact on an athletes performance as if the athlete gets injured it could be due to a lack of effort for example in rugby they might have gone into a tackle but not put any effort into it meaning they could get injured due to the other player putting in all their effort meaning they will feel the impact of the collision more than the player putting in effort, they will have a poor performance if they are not motivated due to a lack of effort as if they dont think they are going to win they will be less motivated to actually try, and finally if they are over confident they may not prepare properly to play as they think it is going to be easy which could then lead to them getting beat. A sporting example of this could be England Rugby League losing against Samoa in the semi-final of the world cup as they had already beaten them in the group stages and thought it would be easy to do it again and therefore may have had poor preparation.
Low confidence can have a negative impact upon performance due to a lack of motivation meaning that the athlete may then have not tried as hard as they could have. Optimal confidence is where the athlete will have their best performance and will have a positive impact as they are more motivated due to a belief that they can achieve and they have prepared well as they know that it won't be easy and anything could happen. Over confidence can have a negative impact on performance as it can cause inadequate preparation due to the athlete thinking it is going to be easy to achieve a successful result and this could lead to the opposition winning.

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The expectations you have of yourself and the expectations others have of you in sport can affect the way you behave on the 'playing field'. If you have high expectations of yourself or your coach does, it is likely these judgements are based on perceptions of confidence (meaning that you or the coach feels you are good at it). These perceptions are likely to lead to increased confidence which can then lead to increased intent and effort towards achieving your goals. This can then impact performance in a positive way as it means that you are more likely to thrive in a game situation where there is high pressure as you feel as though you are good enough to influence the game and control the tactics, it also means you are more likely to take risks in which could end up being key to you winning the game. An example of this in sport would be Kylian Mbappe taking the penalty in the world cup final to get France back level at 3-3 and take the game to penalties as he would have had high levels of self confidence having already scored 2 goals one of which being from the penalty spot.

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Bandura created the theory of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy means the belief in your ability to master a specific sporting situation. It is usually the result of increased confidence when a performer feels satisfaction and inner pride. This theory explains how self-efficacy and self-confidence can be developed. Self-efficacy is influenced by four factors and these factors can be used to increase confidence and performance.
Performance accomplishments:
Recent performance accomplishments are the strongest source of self-confidence. You can increase performance accomplishments achieved by making things easier, praising athletes, and motivation. Performance accomplishments can affect your performance by giving you more confidence as if you have accomplished something once you should be able to do it again and again meaning that you can have confidence in knowing that you have been successful in the same situation before meaning you are less likely to panic which could lead to more success.
Vicarious experiences:
Vicarious experience is when an athlete sees somebody of a similar ability perform a skill successfully. This leads to that athlete then modelling their behaviour to complete the skill. The experience is enhanced if the modelled athlete is held in high regard and using videos of elite athletes can help to inspire athletes without creating negative comparisons between teammates. This can positively affect performance as the athlete will gain confidence from seeing someone like the being able to master a skill and will want to master it themselves leading to the athlete then making less mistakes whilst performing which then leads to them being more successful.
Verbal Persuasion:
Verbal persuasion is when somebody important to you tells you that they believe in you, you can perform well and you have what it takes to be successful. This can lead to increased performance as it will boost an athletes self-confidence as if someone important believes they can do well, they will believe that they can do well as well and this will then lead to the athlete having an increase in risk taking behaviour and more control over the game meaning they are likely to be able to create an opportunity to change the game in their favour.
Emotional Arousal:
Emotional arousal is considered the least affecting factor out of the four and is how mood and emotions prior to a game can influence confidence. This can positively impact a performance as if the athlete is in a good mood before the game and feels happy they are more likely to be confident and motivated when they take to the field as they will have felt good before the game which could be down to how they felt about the game leading to increased confidence and therefore an increased chance of success.

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Application of Bandura's Theory To Sporting Performance

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Application of Bandura's Theory To Sporting Performance

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The diagram shows that each of the factors can lead to efficacy expectations which then leads to increased performance. Efficacy expectations are an athlete's belief and expectations about their ability to perform tasks. A sporting example of performance accomplishments using this diagram would be Liverpool winning the champions league then going on to win the premier league the next year as the performance accomplishment was winning the champions league, the expectation was to then go on and win another trophy and the increase in performance was winning the premier league. A sporting example of Vicarious experience using the diagram would be Marcus Rashford taking freekicks like Ronaldo as the vicarious experience would be watching Ronaldo take freekicks, the expectation would then be Rashford to be able to model his freekicks and the increased performance would be Rashford then scoring freekicks having mastered the technique Ronaldo uses. The sporting example for Verbal persuasion would be Arteta creating a personal link between him and the players as the verbal persuasion would be his speech where he talks about what it was like for him as a player, the expectations would be that this motivates the team and creates a feeling of togetherness and then the increase in performance would then be the team going on to win the game. Finally the sporting example for emotional arousal would be the England national team all being in a good mood and having high team spirit in camp before the Senegal game as the emotional arousal was the high team spirit, the expectation was that they would play well and the increased performance was the team going on to win the game and progress to the next round of the world cup. All of these are positive outcomes due to the fact the athletes self confidence was high due to their self-efficacy being improved.