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• October 24-28: Mussolini's Fascist Blackshirts organized the March on Rome

• October 31: Mussolini formed his coalition government and became Prime Minister of Italy

• Japan signed agreement with USA, Britain and France to limit navy size

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• Economic disaster hit Germany hard

• France occupied Ruhr Valley to collect German debt

• German inflation spiraled out of control

• November 8-9: Hitler led the Beer Hall Putsch (failed coup attempt in Munich)

• Earthquake in Tokyo area killed more than 100,000 people

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• January 21: Death of Lenin

• Stalin begins his rise to power

• Hitler released from prison after failed coup attempt

• Hitler dictated "Mein Kampf" while imprisoned

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• Period of liberal reforms in Japan

• "Lost Generation" emerged after WWI

• Scientific advancements accelerated

• Society transformed rapidly

• Affordable automobiles became available

• Improved telephones

• Radio development

• Motion pictures gained popularity

• Washing machines and vacuum cleaners became common

• Jazz music emerged

• Nightclub culture flourished

• Women increased workforce participation

• Flapper movement gained popularity

• Women gained new social freedoms

• Christian fundamentalist opposition to cultural changes

• Evolution debate heated up

• Prohibition era & speakeasies flourished

• Harlem Renaissance bloomed

• Important literature by Fitzgerald, Joyce, Woolf

• Art movements (Abstract, Dadaism, Surrealism) developed

• Atomic research advanced (Curie, Einstein, Fermi)

• Medical advances (Fleming)

• Psychology theories expanded (Freud)

• Ultranationalists in Japan planned to overthrow government

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• Hirohito became Emperor of Japan, ruled for 63 years until 1989

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• October: Stalin implemented first Five-Year Plan:

- Build up heavy industry

- Improve transportation

- Increase farm output

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• October 24-29: Wall Street Crash (Black Thursday through Black Tuesday), when millions of people sold their shares causing prices to collapse and making investors lose billions

• Beginning of the Great Depression

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• Global economic crisis deepens

• Unemployment rises dramatically worldwide

• Bank failures across United States and Europe

• Japan experienced backlash against liberalism

• People lost faith in democracy

• Economic suffering widespread

• Violence breaking out in many countries

• WWI veterans angry with governments

• Resentment over Treaty of Versailles intensified

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• Japanese army in Manchuria staged fake Chinese attack

• Japan subsequently left the League of Nations

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• "Terror Famine" (Holodomor) in Soviet Union

• 5-8 million died in Ukraine alone

• Stalin's forced collectivization policies at their height

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• January 30: Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany

• February 27: Reichstag Fire

• March 23: Enabling Act passed, giving Hitler dictatorial powers

Worst year for unemployment in the U.S.

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• Stalin launched the Great Purge

• Many doctors and professionals targeted

• At least four million people purged

• Complete government control established in totalitarian states

• Police terror used to maintain power

• Indoctrination of youth became common

• Propaganda/censorship controlled information

• Religious/ethnic persecution intensified

• Fascist movements gained strength with:

- One party controlling everything for "national interest"

- Extreme nationalism

- No belief in equality

- Loyalty to leader

- Uniforms worn by members

- Support from aristocrats, industrialists, war veterans, lower middle class

- Government control of economy

- Widespread censorship and indoctrination

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• Japan attacked China, starting the Second Sino-Japanese War

• Japanese government forced to accept military domination

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• Germany and Japan signed pact

• September 1: Germany invades Poland, starting World War II

• Great Depression continues to affect global economy

World War II begins, and economies start recovering

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•Mussolini created first fascist government in Italy

• Women gained voting rights in Nazi Germany

• Nazi Party formed