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Lundin, C., Hadziabdic, E., & Hjelm, K. (2018). Language interpretation conditions and boundaries in multilingual and multicultural emergency healthcare. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 18(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12914-018-0157-3

The article explores the use of interpreting services in emergency healthcare settings, focusing on how healthcare professionals navigate language barriers. It identifies four main factors influencing interpreter use: patient health status, available guidelines, interpreter qualities, and recommendations for improvement. The study found varying preferences for professional interpreters, bilingual staff, and family members depending on the situation. It highlights challenges like limited access to interpreters and inconsistent knowledge of guidelines, suggesting that clearer policies and better training could improve interpreter use and equitable healthcare. This source relates to my research because it addresses the reasons why hospitals might not have interpreters for multilingual patients, and therefore why they may rely on nurses

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barriers faced by culturally diverse nursing students

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barriers faced by culturally diverse nursing students

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Duerksen, J. L. (2013). Retention and success of culturally diverse nursing students. Oklahoma Nurse, 58(3), 4+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A343946199/PPNU?u=mlin_s_curry&sid=bookmark-PPNU&xid=07f4f780

This systematic review explores barriers faced by culturally diverse nursing students, particularly those who are Black, Hispanic, or multiracial, and their impact on retention and success. The review identifies key challenges including financial needs, discrimination, English proficiency, and cultural tensions. Best practices for promoting success include caring faculty, peer support, and multicultural training. The study emphasizes the importance of identifying and addressing these students' needs early on and providing targeted resources. It calls for further research and potential faculty roles, like a diversity advisor, to support culturally diverse students in nursing programs. I will use this source in my paper to emphasize the challenges of culturally diverse nursing students.

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struggles of internationally educated nurses

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struggles of internationally educated nurses

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1. Porter, M. T., Williams, K., & Gembol, L. (2024). Transition to Professional Practice in the United States: Exploring the Experiences of Internationally Educated Nurses. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 1+. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00220124-20241107-01

This study explores the experiences of Internationally Educated Nurses (IENs) transitioning to nursing practice in the U.S. Key themes include navigating challenges like loneliness, communication barriers, and discrimination, while also adapting to U.S. nursing practices, autonomy, and safety protocols. IENs expressed empowerment and a desire to learn, although incivility from colleagues was reported. The study highlights the need for tailored transition programs, ongoing support, and policies to address workplace incivility, ensuring successful integration of IENs into the U.S. healthcare workforce. This source provides another perspective of nurses who are multicultural living in the United States and how they deal with the struggles that come with being a multicultural nurse.

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Hansen, E., & Beaver, S. (2012). Faculty support for ESL nursing students: action plan for success. Nursing Education Perspectives, 33(4), 246+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A300544259/PPNU?u=mlin_s_curry&sid=bookmark-PPNU&xid=6ed0af08

This review highlights challenges faced by nursing students whose first language is not English, including language barriers, unfamiliar learning models, test-taking difficulties, and cultural differences. It emphasizes the need for faculty support, culturally competent teaching strategies, and targeted interventions to improve retention, NCLEX-RN pass rates, and workforce diversity in nursing. I will use this source to show that multilingual nursing students who face difficulty in nursing school benefit from different supports. I will propose that similar support may help these nurses when they are in their place of employment when it comes to similar issues.

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Certified interpreters are crucial for effective communication

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Certified interpreters are crucial for effective communication

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Interpreters help overcome linguistic and cultural barriers. (2010, June). Strategies for Nurse Managers, 10(6), 5+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A225756129/PPNU?u=mlin_s_curry&sid=bookmark-PPNU&xid=fa024da2

A study by the Center for Studying Health System Change reveals that nearly half of U.S. physicians say language and cultural barriers are obstacles to providing high-quality care. With an increasing number of non-English speakers in the U.S., healthcare providers must address these issues to prevent poor or harmful outcomes. Many facilities lack resources to aid non-English-speaking patients, but some, like Harborview Medical Center in Seattle, have implemented programs to provide language services. The use of certified interpreters and cultural sensitivity is crucial for effective communication. Healthcare providers should document encounters with non-English speakers and ensure that language barriers are addressed during patient interactions. I will use this source to emphasize the need for professional interpreters rather than depending on multilingual nurses to fill these roles.

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language barriers contribute to disparities in pt outcomes

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language barriers contribute to disparities in pt outcomes

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Volansky, R. (2024, August). Communication Breakdown: Language Barriers a 'Major Cause' of Disparities. Healio Rheumatology, 9(8), 18+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A812313553/PPNU?u=mlin_s_curry&sid=bookmark-PPNU&xid=cd9068f4

The article discusses how language barriers in healthcare, particularly in rheumatology, contribute to disparities in patient outcomes. Despite the growing multilingual patient population, medical training lacks formal instruction on multilingual care. While interpreter services and technology help, they have limitations. Experts advocate for better cultural competency training, standardized interpreter guidelines, and a more diverse healthcare workforce. This source relates to my research  because it highlights the lack of training healthcare workers get on communicating with ESL patients. I will use this source to show that multilingual nurses may be assigned to patients who speak their native language without the proper training or interpreter skills.

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JGIM: studies show importance of language services on disparities, quality of care. (2007, November 12). Health & Medicine Week, 378. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A214250472/PPNU?u=mlin_s_curry&sid=bookmark-PPNU&xid=ec33f5a6

Studies published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine reveal that language barriers significantly impact patient care, especially for those with limited English proficiency (LEP). These studies show that LEP patients are less likely to give informed consent before invasive procedures, less likely to receive recommended healthcare services, and may face problems due to unqualified bilingual staff interpreters. For example, hospitalized LEP patients were less likely to have signed consent forms, and Hispanics who speak little English received fewer healthcare services compared to English-speaking patients. Additionally, many bilingual staff members lack proper interpreter skills, potentially leading to medical errors. These findings emphasize the importance of improving language services and cultural competency in healthcare to ensure quality care for all patients. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation supports initiatives to address these disparities and improve the availability of language services. This paper relates to my research paper because it emphasizes the importance of having communication with patients and how miscommunications can be dangerous.

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Patient prejudice toward minoritized nurses

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Patient prejudice toward minoritized nurses

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Dellasega, C., Andreae, D. A., Kaye, M. P., & Toyobo, O. (2023). Patient prejudice toward minoritized nurses: Organization-wide interventions present the best option for addressing patient behavior and maintaining nurse retention. American Nurse Journal, 18(12), 12+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A778441030/PPNU?u=mlin_s_curry&sid=bookmark-PPNU&xid=ac4e83aa

This study examines the prevalence and impact of patient prejudice toward nurses from minority backgrounds. The research shows that one-third of nurses experience overt or covert prejudice, with common behaviors including ignoring or avoiding eye contact. Prejudice often relates to appearance, ethnicity, or accent, and negatively impacts job satisfaction, increasing the likelihood of nurses leaving their positions. The study suggests that addressing implicit bias through education, cognitive rehearsals, and organization-wide changes can help reduce prejudice and improve nurse retention, ultimately fostering a healthier work environment. I will refer to this source in my research paper when I am discussing the prejudice and implicit bias that multicultural nurses can face by their patients. This source will help me show my audience that those who are not the “ideal image” of a nurse face microaggressions at their place of work.

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Hickey, C. (2025). From stigma to support: Breaking barriers to nurse workforce well-being. American Nurse Journal, 20(2), 46+. http://dx.doi.org/10.51256/ANJ022546

Nurses face a mental health crisis due to burnout, workplace violence, and stigma surrounding seeking help. The ANA's 2024 policy aims to reform licensure, reduce stigma, and improve support for nurses with mental health conditions and substance use disorders. Systemic changes are needed to protect nurses' well-being and workforce sustainability. This source relates to my research because it highlights the struggles that nurses face. I will use these statistics and compare the general nursing population with the multilingual nurse population to show how bad they struggle.

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nursing students having difficulty communicating with multilingual patients

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nursing students having difficulty communicating with multilingual patients

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Ashipala, D. O., & Matundu, M. (2023). Nursing students' experiences of communication in a multilingual and multicultural clinical environment: A qualitative study. Nursing Open, 10(10), 6875+. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1939

This study explores the communication challenges nursing students face in multilingual clinical environments. Participants reported difficulties in interacting with patients who speak different languages, leading to miscommunication, patient anxiety, and compromised care. The study highlights the importance of professional interpreters, language training, and communication tools like audio-visual aids and sign language. Recommendations include incorporating language skills into nursing curricula and hiring multilingual interpreters. The findings suggest that addressing language barriers through education and policy changes is essential for improving patient care and supporting nursing students in diverse healthcare settings. This source is relevant to my paper because it emphasizes the importance of communication in healthcare and how linguistic barriers can be harmful for patients and providers

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Hadziabdic, E., Lundin, C., & Hjelm, K. (2015). Boundaries and conditions of interpretation in multilingual and multicultural elderly healthcare. BMC Health Services Research, 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-1124-5

This study explores interpreter practices in multilingual elderly healthcare, highlighting organizational challenges, reliance on bilingual staff, and inconsistent access to professional interpreters. It stresses the need for structured guidelines, improved interpreter training, and culturally competent care to ensure effective communication and equitable healthcare for elderly migrants. This source is relevant to my paper because it addresses the relationship between professional interpreters and multilingual healthcare staff when it comes to multilingual patients. I will use this source to highlight the struggles that come with being a professional interpreter and how multilingual nurses may have to take these roles on.

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Aukerman, D. F. (2003). Patient perception of physician appearance: a concern for all physicians. Southern Medical Journal, 96(12), 1172+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A111927743/PPNU?u=mlin_s_curry&sid=bookmark-PPNU&xid=aa219c93

This article discusses how physicians' attire influences patient perceptions, particularly in the context of casual dress becoming common in medical practices. Research suggests that patients prefer traditional attire, such as white coats and name tags, and view them as indicators of competence. The study by Keenum et al. reinforces this preference, although it doesn't address whether this is a first impression or an ongoing concern. The article concludes that physicians should consider patient preferences but remain flexible in certain situations where casual attire may be appropriate. I will use this source in my paper to show my audience that patients have judgments about what their providers wear when treating them. This can be an issue when nurses with other cultural backgrounds want to express themselves at their workplace.

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Crenshaw, N., Lewis, L., & Foronda, C. L. (2025). Racism in clinical nursing practice: a qualitative study. BMC Nursing, 24(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02521-8

This study explores racism and cultural humility in nursing through the experiences of Black nurses. It highlights the importance of respect, active listening, and individualized care in addressing cultural needs. The study reveals the pervasive impact of racism on nurses and patients of color, with subtle microaggressions and exclusion affecting clinical practice. It also provides actionable behaviors for culturally humble care and calls for continued advocacy to address racial inequities in healthcare. The findings emphasize the need for nursing education and organizational change to reduce disparities and foster inclusion. I will use this source in my research paper to help support my claim that culturally diverse nurses face different levels of bias and how to advocate for cultural needs

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supports for multilingual nursing students feeling alone

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supports for multilingual nursing students feeling alone

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Mills, J. F., & Mullins, A. C. (2008). The California Nurse Mentor Project: every nurse deserves a mentor. Nursing Economics, 26(5), 310+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A187841726/PPNU?u=mlin_s_curry&sid=bookmark-PPNU&xid=883c5690

The California Nurse Mentor Project was a successful 3-year pilot aimed at improving nurse retention and job satisfaction. It paired new nurses with trained mentors to provide guidance and support, particularly for diverse, multicultural, and multilingual groups. Results showed lower attrition rates for program participants (8% vs. 23%), improved professional confidence, and increased job satisfaction for both mentors and mentees. The program also enhanced cultural competency and proved cost-effective for hospitals. This source relates to my research as it offers a solution for multicultural nurses who need guidance and support.