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Around 700 to 800 B.C.E, the development of Greek civilization began.

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After the fall of the monarch at 753 B.C.E., a crude republic was established that would last 400 years.

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The interiors of the ​Papal Archbasilica of Saint John in Lateran ~30 CE

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The Roman Catholic Church survived the collapse of the Roman Empire and went on to live alongside feudalism. It provided some measures of a government-like society during the Middle Ages.

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Feudalism was a loosely organized system in which powerful lords divided their lands among other, lesser lords.

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Vassals pledged their loyalty to a lord, who was sometimes a monarch. The lord would protect the vassals, and the vassals would give in return a variety of resources and other forms of wealth or power. The majority of the population were serfs, poor farmers and peasants tied to their land.

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Feudal lords would allow free people to set up towns on their lands for a fee under a charter. These towns became centers of trade and freedom, opposing the feudal structure. These towns would harbor large merchant guilds that grew enough to demand power in local governments.

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With the decline of feudalism, the decline of the monetary power associated with land fell, too. In place, artisans and merchants grew increasingly in power and in wealth, reforming society and the economy into one based on money and trade instead of land.

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The Renaissance in Italy ~1300 CE to ~1600 CE

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The Renaissance was a time period of creativity and change in sciences, arts, economics, and other areas.

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The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

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Influential towns sided with monarchs over feudal lords. These towns favored the more centralized government. These monarchies would go on to create a sovereign nation with lords and nobles, acting as a form of absolute power in an established, legitimate government.

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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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The modern day U.K. is a constitutional monarchy. It is the most prominent example of a modern day example of a constitutional monarchy. A monarch still retains a position in the head of state, but their powers are limited or restricted by a governing constituiton. In this instance, the monarch has had nearly all power stripped from and mainly serves as a figurehead.

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Saudi Arabia is also a modern day example of a monarchy, but in this instance, an absolute monarchy. Today, only a few remain in the world. The King, also known as the Head of the House of Saud and Prime Minister, holds absolute power in the political operations of the Saudi government.

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An economic and political theory emphasizing money as the chief source of wealth to increase the absolute power of a monarchy and the nation.

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Voltaire, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz,Ben Franklin

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With the advent of new political thinkers, came the advocacy of liberties based on individual freedoms and liberties. Theories of government revolved around democracy and the will of the people to form a government with the interest of their welfare as their primary purpose and concern.