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Paro Rinpung Dzong: I tried to bring the essence of three structures in one frame

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The term “Dzong” means “fortress” and these structures were built strategically at key locations. Initially, Dzongs functioned primarily as monasteries where religious education was provided. After the 17th century, dzongs served  as centres of religious activities and also as the seat of civil administration. In times of war, Dzong provided a place of refuge where people could seek protection from their enemies. Today, the Dzong continues to serve as the administrative centre of the district and coexist with monastic communities. (Department of Curriculum and Professional Development (DCPD), 2022)

History of Bhutan 15th to 19th Century COURSE BOOK FOR CLASS VII Department of Curriculum and Professional Development Ministry of Education Royal Government of Bhutan Thimphu. (2022).

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The national language of Bhutan is “Dzongkha”. The name literally translates as “dzong” meaning “fortress” and “kha” meaning “. It consists of 30 consonants also known as selje sum chu in Dzongkha. This language is now spoken by most people in the country.

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Ema Datshi: An ema datshi curry prepared in the traditional manner

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Ema Datshi is a delicious blend of chili and cheese. In the Bhutanese Dzongkha language, "ema" means "chili", while "datshi" means "cheese".. To prepare Ema Datshi, chili peppers are diced and cooked with cheese until liquefied, creating a rich and spicy sauce. This dish has great cultural significance and is often served during festivals, gatherings, and daily meals. The dish mainly serves as an appetizer.

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Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted primarily through body fluids and is characterized by a high viral load. The living conditions of Afghan refugees before they arrived in Australia contributed significantly to the rapid and widespread transmission of this virus. These refugees lived in unsanitary camps, creating conditions for the virus to spread, further aggravated by inadequate sterilization of medical equipment used in intravenous procedures, thereby promoting HBV transmission amongst the refugee (Australian Refugee Health, n.d.).

Upon arrival, individuals have treatment options to consider. They can choose to be tested for HBV infection, and if positive, they can receive appropriate treatment, be hospitalized where they will receive advice about HBV infection and how to prevent it. On the other hand, if the test results are negative, their vaccination history can be rechecked. If they have not been vaccinated against HBV, they will be given the necessary vaccine to help reduce the risk of HBV transmission. (Australian Refugee Health, n.d.).

Mental Health

Before arriving in Australia, these people endured extremely difficult circumstances, including being separated from loved ones, surviving bombings, war and many unimaginable hardships. Furthermore the added stress of having to adapt to a completely new environment, starting from scratch, and potentially facing discrimination can be mentally draining. This can contribute to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and psychological distress, all of which can have a significant impact on quality of life and daily functioning (Tomasi et al., 2022).

To address this problem, it is important to educate people about its presence in a culturally appropriate way, direct them to available support resources, and make a concerted effort to reduce stigma surrounding mental health. It is essential to establish aid centres near the affected people, ensuring easy access and providing access points. Building trust between service providers and people is also an important goal of this company. (Tomasi et al., 2022).

Sexually Transmitted Infection

In refugee camps, crowded living conditions and limited access to healthcare can lead to higher risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) due to unprotected sexual activity and inadequate awareness and prevention resources (Todd et al., 2010).

To address this, we can conduct STI testing for individuals from high-risk groups. If results are positive, through confidential means they can receive treatment, partner tracing and follow-up checks can be done. For the general population, we can promote awareness about various STIs, prevention methods, and offer free contraceptives in easily accessible locations to reduce STI transmission and prevalence (Australian Refugee Health, n.d.).

Australian Refugee Health. (n.d.). Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)» Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/hepatitis-b/

Australian Refugee Health. (n.d.). Sexually transmissible infections (STIs)» Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/sexually-transmissible-infections-stis/

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (n.d.). Afghanistan. Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/afghanistan

Department of Home Affairs. (2023, October 9). Afghanistan update. Www.homeaffairs.gov.au. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/help-and-support/afghanistan-update

Todd, C. S., Nasir, A., Raza Stanekzai, M., Abed, A. M. S., Strathdee, S. A., Bautista, C. T., Scott, P. T., Botros, B. A., & Tjaden, J. (2010). Prevalence and Correlates of Syphilis and Condom Use Among Male Injection Drug Users in Four Afghan Cities. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 37(11), 719–725. https://doi.org/10.1097/olq.0b013e3181e2c76a

Tomasi, A.-M., Slewa-Younan, S., Narchal, R., & Rioseco, P. (2022). Understanding the mental health and help-seeking behaviours of refugees. Aifs.gov.au. https://aifs.gov.au/resources/short-articles/understanding-mental-health-and-help-seeking-behaviours-refugees

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This group of cordyceps were deemed to be the best one and was sold for a staggering price of Nu.2.8 million (about 50000AUD) during an auction.

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This type of fungus is found in the northern region of mycountry. It infects the host body and this is then collected, dried and marketed for its medicinal properties. Cordyceps is said to enhance immunity, increase sexual desire and reduce stress and fatigue

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The tradition of holding masked dance festivals in Bhutan, known as Tshechu in the local language of Dzongkha, it has existed since the earliest days of Buddhism in the country.  These dances has two purposes: Educate the population about their history and religion and invoke the deities of the Tantric teaching. (DCPD, 2022).

History of Bhutan 15th to 19th Century COURSE BOOK FOR CLASS VII Department of Curriculum and Professional Development Ministry of Education Royal Government of Bhutan Thimphu. (2022).

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In the future when I am working, the most important thing, is to be aware of my own cultural beliefs, values ​​and biases, reflecting on them periodically to better understand its perspectives and positions. By being aware of my own culture it will help me to understand and respect the differences among people from various backgrounds. This understanding can have a significant impact on my judgment or perception and foster the growth and development of my competence. I will be able to provide more standardized, adapted and versatile care to people with diverse cultural backgrounds which showcase my commitment to equitable and inclusive practices.

Complying with the ethical standards when caring for individuals will be important to me as well as it is fundamental and will lead to the development of trust between the parties involved. My care should be  focused on the unique needs of the patients and conducted in a manner which upholds the dignity of the patients and this can be achieved by include providing a private room, using screens or discussing sensitive topics in a more private setting. The communication between me and the patient will be done in simple and clear language free of complex medical terminologies. This is essential for better understanding of the disease prognosis and promoting compliances with treatment regime which promotes better outcome and satisfaction.

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Social determinants affecting the Afghanistan born population in Australia

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Social determinants affecting the Afghanistan born population in Australia

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Rezaei, O., Adibi, H., & Banham, V. (2021). Integration Experiences of Former Afghan Refugees in Australia: What Challenges Still Remain after Becoming Citizens? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910559

World Health Organization. (2023). Social determinants of health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

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