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Official Mexican flag

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Official Haiti flag

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Official Italy flag

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In this video it talks about the Mexican War Of Independence. It explains how the war started. It talks about what started the war. It also explains how the Spanish had control over Mexico. Lastly, it talks about what the Mexicans did for the war to end.

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Mexican War of Independence | 3 Minute History

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In this video it talks about Haiti's history. It also talks about the important places in Haiti.

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A map of Mexico in 1821.

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Romanticism

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This article is about the revolution and leaders of Mexico in 1821.

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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, launches the Mexican War of Independence with the issuing of his Grito de Dolores, or "Cry of Dolores." The revolutionary tract, so-named because it was publicly read by Hidalgo in the town of Dolores, called for the end of 300 years of Spanish rule in Mexico, redistribution of land and racial equality. Thousands of Indians and mestizos flocked to Hidalgo's banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe, and soon the peasant army was on the march to Mexico City.

In the early 19th century, Napoleon 's occupation of Spain led to the outbreak of revolts all across Spanish America. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla-"the father of Mexican independence"-launched the Mexican rebellion with his "Cry of Dolores," and his populist army came close to capturing the Mexican capital. Defeated at Calderón in January 1811, he fled north but was captured and executed. He was followed by other peasant leaders, however, such as José María Morelos y Pavón, Mariano Matamoros, and Vicente Guerrero, who all led armies of native and racially mixed revolutionaries against the Spanish and the Royalists.

Ironically, it was the Royalists-made up of Mexicans of Spanish descent and other conservatives-who ultimately brought about independence. In 1820, liberals took power in Spain, and the new government promised reforms to appease the Mexican revolutionaries. In response, Mexican conservatives called for independence as a means of maintaining their privileged position in Mexican society.

In early 1821, Agustín de Iturbide, the leader of the Royalist forces, negotiated the Plan of Iguala with Vicente Guerrero. Under the plan, Mexico would be established as an independent constitutional monarchy, the privileged position of the Catholic Church would be maintained, and Mexicans of Spanish descent would be regarded as equal to pure Spaniards. Mexicans of mixed or pure Indian blood would have lesser rights.

Iturbide defeated the Royalist forces still opposed to independence, and the new Spanish viceroy, lacking money, provisions, and troops, was forced to accept Mexican independence. On August 24, 1821, Spanish Viceroy Juan de O'Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba, which approves a plan to make Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy. In 1822, as no Bourbon monarch to rule Mexico had been found, Iturbide was proclaimed the emperor of Mexico. However, his empire was short-lived, and in 1823 republican leaders Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria deposed Iturbide and set up a republic, with Guadalupe Victoria as its first president.

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Mexican War of Independence begins | September 16, 1810 | HISTORY

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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, launches the Mexican War of Independence with the issuing of his Grito de Dolores, or "Cry of Dolores." The revolutionary tract, so-named because it was publicly read by Hidalgo in the town of Dolores, called for the end of 300 years of Spanish rule in Mexico, redistribution of [...]

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Map of Haiti in 1804.

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Impressionism

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This article is about the Revolution of Haiti and the leaders.

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This video is about how Austria controlled the North. Also it is about how countries united with each other.

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Map of Italy in 1861.

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Realism

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This article is about all of the leaders. There were a few leaders of Italy in 1861.

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After a protracted campaign of unification that encompassed several decades and a series of conflicts, the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed on March 17, 1861, by a parliament based in Turin. This new Italian monarchy lasted for less than 90 years, ousted by a referendum in 1946 when a slim majority voted for the creation of a republic. The monarchy had been badly damaged by its association with Benito Mussolini's fascists and by failure in World War II.

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Look Back at the Modern Monarchs and Past Presidents of Italy

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After Italy's unification, the monarchy lasted for less than 90 years before giving way to a republic. Learn about Italian rulers throughout history.