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As stated in the Cambridge Dictionary, prosodic is related to rhythm and intonation of language. The way that words and phrases are stressed is largely determined by their prosodic characteristics. Prosodic varies in terms of pitch as well as intonation.

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Take a look at my cute picture for 5 seconds :)

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Greetings! I am Muhammad Izwan Shafiq Bin Mohd Asri and you can call me Izwan. I am 21 years old and currently in semester 2 in Bachelor of Applied Language (Hons) English for Intercultural Communication. I am from Masjid Tanah, Melaka and I have a younger brother who currently in his SPM phase. Both of my parents are working; my mother works as a clerk at City Council of Alor Gajah, Melaka and my father is a policeman. Me and my pair, Raja Nadya have prepared and completed this e-Portfolio for EIC453 subject for Mr Zachariah Aidin Druckman. I really hope with the passion and effort that we have given throughout this assessment can award us a good grade at the end of semester.

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According to Marriam Webster lexical is known as an adjective which is concerning with a language's vocabulary or words, as opposed to its grammar and structure. Additionally, lexical is also dealing with lexicon or lexicology.

In our world, we have different dialects and slang from different parts of the earth. From there, it will build new words and phrases according to the state or district itself. For example, we will look at the differences between Australian English and British English that may come out with their own words or phrases but still bring the same meaning or context.

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According to Assistant Professor Awas Khan Dawlatzai, phonemics is used in the study of phonemes to gain knowledge of the physical properties of sound articulation.

Phonemics is the study of the voice system, the functions of sounds, and the abstract nature of sound. It is a branch of linguistics, and the study of phonetics in the field of phonemics is the beginning of the study. Phonemics centers around vowels and diphtongs.

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The two English speakers that we have chosen would be the sensational English singer-songwriter Adele, and Rosé from the trendy South Korea girl group Blackpink.

Rosé is a mixed-race Australian-Korean woman. Although she grew up in Melbourne, she was born in Auckland, New Zealand. Afterwards, she relocated to Box Hill (the city of Australia) and enrolled in Canterbury Girls Secondary College. She passed an audition in Australia, and in 2012 she went to Korea to pursue her career as a singer and dancer for Blackpink.

Adele, or Adele Laurie Blue Adkins, is an English musician and singer-songwriter whose profoundly expressive voice and classically constructed songs make her one of the most prominent singers of her time. She was born and raised in Tottenham, Northern London, and thus she has a distinctive Cockney accent as well as a British one. British accents are part of the Cockney accent subgroup.

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According to Adam Jacot (2023), Londoners from the working class traditionally speak a dialect of English called Cockney. The term "cockney" is also frequently used to describe anyone who is from London, namely the East End. The most distinctive aspect of the Cockney accent is its argot, or coded language, which developed from cleverly rhymed vernacular. Any user of rhyming slang can instantly recognise as many as 150 words. For instance, the rhyme "loaf of bread" is the source of the expression "use your loaf," which means "use your head." That expression is only one example of the rhyming slang tradition that originated in the East End of London. This technique is believed to have originated in the middle of the 1800s as a means by which either criminals misled law enforcement or salespeople exchanged notes with one another that went beyond what their clients could comprehend.

Other than that, according to Davies (2021), learning the sounds is the first step to sounding properly cockney. When contrasted with the Received Pronunciation of the British upper classes, there are a few characteristics of Cockney that stand out quite a bit. Th-fronting, the habit of substituting a F sound for the 'th' sound in words like 'thought', is one type of accenting. Similarly, words like "hospital" and "holiday" will no longer have any H sounds at all; instead, they will be pronounced as "ospital" or "oliday." For those who speak it, the accent has become a source of pride because it embodies their work ethic and groundedness. "Awite mate!" (How are you, friend?) is a Cockney greeting that perfectly captures this open and pleasant attitude.

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Introduction

Demographic of Speakers

Interview of Rosé from Blackpink from Vogue Australia's YouTube Channel

Adele's Interview on ELLE: Life in Lyrics

Transcription of Rosé's Interview by Vogue Australia

Transcription of Adele from ELLE: Life in Lyrics

Background of the history of English in the two locations

Cockney English British

Australian English

Analysis/ Findings

Phonemic Variation

Prosodic Variation

Lexical Variation

Grammar/ Syntactical Variation

Phonemic Variation

What is Prosodic Variation?

Prosodic Elements

Australian: Prosodic Variation

British: Prosodic Variation

Analysis of Cockney English

Analysis of Australian Accent

Prosodic Variation

What is Prosodic Variation?

Prosodic Elements

Australian: Prosodic Variation

British: Prosodic Variation

Analysis of Cockney English

Analysis of Australian Accent

Lexical Variation

What is Lexical Variation?

Australian: Lexical Variation

British: Lexical Variation

Grammar/ Syntactical Variation

What is Grammar/ Syntactical Variation?

Australian: Grammar/ Syntactical Variation

British: Grammar/ Syntactical Variation

Reflection & Conclusion

Individual Reflection 1

Individual Reflection 2

Conclusion

References

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Interview of Rosé from Blackpink from Vogue Australia's YouTube Channel:

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Interview of Rosé from Blackpink from Vogue Australia's YouTube Channel:

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Vogue quizzes Blackpink's Rosé | Celebrity Interview | Vogue Australia

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1. Lengthened Pronunciation of Vowels

In the Cockney accent, it is prominent that the speakers tend to drag their vowels.

For example, the vowel in the word 'love' - /lʌv/ is spoken with more length, with emphasis on the phoneme vowel sound of /ʌ/.

2. Non-rhotic

British English is considered to be rhotic. This would mean the phoneme consonant 'r' is pronounced, despite not having vowels. However, certain accents, such as the Australian and Cockney accents are considered to be non-rhotic.

3. Consonant sounds

The phoneme sound of 'k' in 'like' is softened when engaged in rapid speech. Thus, it may end up sounding more shortened like 'li'

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Adele's Interview on ELLE: Life in Lyrics

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Adele's Interview on ELLE: Life in Lyrics

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Adele Reveals The Stories Behind Her Hit Lyrics & Deep Dives Into Her Life | Life In Lyrics | ELLE

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Transcription of Rosé's Interview by Vogue Australia

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Transcription of Rosé's Interview by Vogue Australia

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According to Australian English website (n.d.), Australian English is a version of English that originated there. Due to its similarities to both standard British and standard American English, Australian English is frequently referred to as a hybrid of the two languages. General Australian English is the most well-known Australian English accent. Not only that, the website also mentioned that Australian English originated as a result of British colonisation in Australia between 1788 to 1901. Australia initially was established by the British as a penal colony, where criminals were separated and housed in an isolated location from the outside world. This indicates that because of the large influx of British and Irish settlers to Australia in the late 1700s, regional dialects of both countries had a significant influence on Australian English. Native-born colonists in the Colony of New South Wales spoke Australian English for the first time in the late 1700s and early 1800s.

Besides, based on Encyclopedia.com (n.d.) website, The majority of the British colonies in Australia were originally penal, which made them unique. The importance of immigrants speaking languages other than English diminished as they spread and as free colonies were established. Relationships with the Aborigines were often bad, and it was difficult to borrow large amounts of vocabulary from them after learning a few terms (e.g., boomerang, dingo, kangaroo, koala, kookaburra, wombat). Since virtually all of the settlers were Anglo-Celtic, geographic seclusion was crucial. The colonists' main concerns were pastoral pursuits like growing sheep and cattle in environments extremely dissimilar from "the Old Country" and the discovery and exploration of a new place rich in exotic flora and fauna. However, Australians are becoming more and more ethnic and metropolitan in the late 20th century. International areas like computing and surfing are the main drivers of lexicon expansion. It was the other way around in the 19th century.

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1. Characteristics of L- consonant

The "l" consonant in "really" occasionally carries a velarized tone, especially when it comes after a word or syllable. In other words, the "l" sound is made with a somewhat "w" or "ull" sound. So, it might sound more akin to "rilly".

2.  Non-rhotic

The word 'really' is pronounced in a non-rhotic manner, similarly to the Cockney accent. The letter 'r' is lightly heard when pronouncing, although it is not fully articulated.

3. Vowels

The sound of vowels in the word 'like' may vary, but in the Australian accent, it is normally heard with a centralised and short vowel of 'i' (/ə/). It may sound more similar to 'luhk'.

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Based on the interview, we realise that Australian people use the following prosodic variation in speaking Aussie accent:

1. High pitch and intonation

they usually say certain words clearly and with wide open mouths.

for example, Rosé says the word "love" clearly and in high pitch showing that she really loves her fans for supporting her career as a singer.

2. Emphasising something using the word "really"

they specify something important with the word "really".

normally they will repeat the word "really" showing their honest expression about certain things.

for instance, Rosé says "really really good". She emphasises the food on why she cries by saying "really" twice.

3. Explaining their words with "like"

most of them use continuous words such as "like" in normal day conversation.

such example is Rosé simply says that "I can sing that like all day everyday, but only in the shower" interpreting that "like" is commonly used in Australian people.

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1. Glottal stop

A glottal stop is the sound produced by exhaling quickly and shutting the vocal folds. A glottal halt is created in the glottis, which is the fold between the vocal cords that we seal up during swallowing. Speaking causes a pause in the airflow, which is why it's a "stop."

The letter 't' in the Cockney accent is commonly pronounced with the back of the throat in between the vowels.

For example:

matter- /ma?ə/

2. Trap-bath split

Trap-bath split refers to the pronunciation of certain words using a broad-a. For example, it is apparent in certain words such as asked, massive, and after.

The broad-a is commonly heard especially in British English.

For example:

asked - /ɑːkəd/

after - /ɑftər/

massive - /mæssɪvə

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Based on Emma Gallagher (2023), there are several words and phrases that are routinely used by Australian people such that:

(a) G'day

(b) Mate

(c) How ya going?

(d) Crikey!

(e) Heaps good

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According to Carlo (2013), there are lots of classifications of lexical differences for British in terms of house vocabulary, transport, shopping, food and numbers. Some of the listed below are the lexical phrases or words that are belonging to British:

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Coming from the word "Syntax" concerns the way words are arranged grammatically in a sentence. Basically, syntactical variation is a variation that regards to rules of language in terms of pronunciations, words and sentences. Understanding syntax might be challenging because it is a complex topic in language. People will scared when they hear the word "syntax" because it is not easy and not so difficult to learn as it is akin to learning formulae in Mathematics. This can be supported by Matt Ellis (2022), who claimed that constituency, the phrase for several words functioning as one unit, requires a basic understanding of syntax. He also added that constituency, especially when using sentence diagramming, is required to ascertain the hierarchy inside lengthy and complicated phrases.

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According to Proofed (2021) website, there are three major differences of Australian's grammar rules in stead of the standard English which are:

a) Preposition switching

b) Verb tense when discussing past activities

c) Irregular verb forms

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According to the British Council (2023) website, there are several grammatical rules for British people that is different from standard English (American English) such as:

(a) Past Perfect and Past Simple

(b) got and gotten

(c) Verb forms with collective nouns

(d) have and take

(e) shall

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Transcription of Adele from ELLE: Life in Lyrics

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Transcription of Adele from ELLE: Life in Lyrics

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Hello! My name is Raja Nadya Aqila Binti Raja Shaharul Ahmad Reza. I am 21 years old. I was born and grew up in Ipoh, Perak. I was raised in a family of four, including my father, mother, and brother. I am also the youngest daughter in my family. I want to extend my sincerest appreciation for the endless support from my beloved family, respected classmates, and last but not least, our honorable lecturer, Mr. Zachariah Aidin Druckman, for his tremendous guidance and wisdom. Their support is our inspiration to give our utmost to whatever we do. We both sincerely hope this E-Portfolio reflects the heart and effort we have put in.

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To bring it all together, language is a part of how a culture is built from a particular community. Without language, people are difficult to communicate with their families, best friends or even someone they love. There are plenty of languages available in the world such as Bahasa Melayu (Malay Language), Korean, Spanish, Thai and the most important, our global language, English. English is the most crucial medium language when conveying with people from different skin colours, environments, religions, beliefs and cultures at the edge of our earth.

As we have completed this e-portfolio assessment, we realise that English is not as simple as we learn in school or tuition centre. This is because, language has a wide scope and it is not as simple as when we are learning neither Mathematics nor Science. This conveyed that English has a lot of branches such as slang, dialects, pronunciations, syntactic and lexical variations and many more. Each difference has its own historical plot on how such an accent is established in the country itself. At this point, people should know that there are a lot of English types such as American English, Australian English, British Cockney English, Scottish English and Irish English, just to name but a few aside from the standard English that we learn in educational institutions.

Young generations play a dominant role in maintaining language from death. They should not mix other languages and make it as a trend in their community. Conversely, they should appreciate and love their mother tongue by using it in their daily routine or with friends. They also should promote their language to other foreign friends by teaching them a simple phrase in normal conversation. Avoid giving them a curse or bad words as it will give a bad impression about our language. Social media also can play a hand in promoting language to the public. They can know such language from songs, movies or even broadcastings.

Last but not least, we have gained so much new knowledge in completing this assessment. We truly hope we can apply all the information given in the future in terms of studying abroad or travelling. Insyaallah, with the given work, we can get satisfactory grades for this subject at the end of the semester.