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The Japanese and British Flag, demonstrating imperialism, and how Japan used it to become as powerful as the Western nations.

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Skittish British in Japan     -Advay Praveen

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Skittish British in Japan     -Advay Praveen

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The British tried to conquer Japan, but the Japanese managed to outsmart them.

Here are bullet points all about the British Imperialism of Japan and how they cleverly used it for themselves:

The historical Japanese empire was formed on the date of January 3, 1868. This occurred because emperor Meiji and his supporters overthrew the last shogun leader, whose name was Yoshinobu.

Very soon, nations began eyeing Japan and its resources. An example would be an American naval force commanded by Matthew Perry that entered the Urania fortified harbor and refused to leave unless Japan abandoned its global commercial policy state of isolation and established a strong, diplomatic relationship with the United States.

A growing wave of nationalism grew through Japan, where the antagonists were the Western imperialists like Britain and the United States that were attempting to fiddle around with Japanese affairs.

After seeing the absolute horrors that the Chinese experienced due to Western imperialism, for example the Opuim War that had all of China addicted, the Japanese had to stay high alert. Little did they know they were going to outsmart the west and use imperialism for themselves.

Japan took the Western ideas and imperialized themselves, forcing out even the strongest of British forces. After that, they became a major threat, taking over almost the entire southeastern Asia. They were finally regarded as a true threat during World War 2, when they were part of the Axis group.

The bombing of Pearl Harbor woke the world up about Japan, even though they were given back with Hiroshima and Nagasaki, both very cruel and painful moments in history.

Even after all of these years, Japan managed to outsmart the western nations and were able to use imperialism against them. They are still one of the most respected, advanced, and amazing countries in the world today!!!!!

Source: https://www.britannica.com/place/Empire-of-Japan/The-demise-of-imperial-Japan

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The Criteria of Imperialism Methods in Nigeria - Rohit Challa

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The Criteria of Imperialism Methods in Nigeria - Rohit Challa

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The Royal Niger Company had control over territories near Nigeria, but then the British took direct control

Nigeria was a colony and a protectorate, meaning the british had control, but there was an internal government within Nigeria

Nigeria formed a local government over the years of it’s colonization, but there was a more distant but more powerful central government in London

The british divided Nigeria’s population into groups to prevent them from resisting authority as a unit

The protectorate was divided into western and eastern in the mid 1900s

Nigeria was given independence in 1960

https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Nigeria-as-a-colony

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How Egypt Was Impacted By British imperialism .   - Sahil Patel 

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How Egypt Was Impacted By British imperialism .   - Sahil Patel 

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British imperialism negatively impacted Egypt through westernization and loss of culture that the nation experienced.

Egypt suffered a great loss of freedom and control of its own country. European powers controlled the nation in all aspects such as politics, economics, and ect.

Not only did Britain control major areas in Egypt but Egyptian officials had no say in matters regarding themselves at all.

Many Egyptians died due to the occurrence of revolutionary activity, which sprouted from British exploitation. For example, in the 1919 revolution 800 Egyptians died while a further 1600 were injured.

Egyptian were also used as cheap Labour and were greatly exploited both in their work in cotton industries and when working on infrastructure. The constant exploitation lead to the death of workers such as the Suez Canal project where thousands died.

Link: https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/imperialism-in-egypt/#:~:text=Imperialism%20had%20a%20massive%20and,as%20a%20result%20of%20imperialism.

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Forms and Methods of Imperialism in the Philippines  

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Forms and Methods of Imperialism in the Philippines  

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By: Shriya Merchant

The Spanish had the first permettant settlement in the Philippines in 1565

They held colonial control over the Philippines until 1898 when the U. S. took control over the Philippines when they won the Spanish-American War

In 1899 was when the First Philippine Republic declared independence, a constitutional government was also established - viewed as an act of insurrection by Americans

In 1902, the U.S. congress passed legislation which created the Philippine Assembly- however many many Filipinos were killed or died of famine or disease in the Philippine-American War

As time went on, U.S. federal laws increased thw amount of legislative authority Filipinos had

They were initially administered by an American Governor General

The general appointed American members of the Philippine Commissions

The U.S. military also pacified indigenous populations in the Philippines

Even after Japan took control of the Philippines in the WW2, U.S. took control of the islands once again

Finally in 1946, The Treaty of Manila was signed by the U.S. and the Philippines

It recognized that the Republic of the Philippines was independent

However, the treaty also allowed America to retain existing military vases and assets in the Philippines which they still use to this day.

Sources: https://library.csun.edu/SCA/Peek-in-the-Stacks/us-imperialism-philippines

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India in Imperialism :

Early Imperialism + Who?

India was Imperialized by Britain, this happened because Britain had much more power in terms of money and an economy.

Britain took control of a lot of farming and agricultural areas of India’s economy and since farming was very important to India, this was very harmful to them.

How did this Affect life in India?

British interrupted many industries such as textiles. Also, Britain made some very hostile conditions inside India and made their lives very difficult. It ruined many traditions, led to very intense mistreatment by imperialists

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How the Japanese Used Imperialism against its Creators - Shikhar Sharma

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How the Japanese Used Imperialism against its Creators - Shikhar Sharma

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The historical Japanese empire formed on January 3, 1868 when emperor Meiji supporters overthrew the last Tokugawa shogun, Yoshinobu

An American naval force commanded by Commodore Matthew C. Perry entered the Uraga fortified harbour and refused requests to leave unless Japan abandones its global commercial policy state of isolation and established diplomatic relations with the United States

A growing wave of antagonism grew through Japan against the West, as Western imperialists kept attempting to meddle in Japanese affairs

After seeing the atrocities endured by the Chinese on account of the West and the Opium War, the Japanese had to stay on higher alert of Western military forces

Japan started using Imperialism against the West, and heavily industrialized and prepared to dominate much of the world, especially in World War 2

As Japan took over almost all of South East Asia, becoming one of the most powerful nations in World War 2, as well as being an axis power, it turned for revenge on the United States, by significantly damaging its navy at the deadly Attack on Pearl Harbour

The United States did retaliate, by dropping 2 atomic bombs, for Hiroshima and Nagasaki, forcing a Japanese surrender in World War 2

Even after losing, Japan is currently one of the most richest, advanced, powerful, and influential nations in the world, as well as currently maintaining positive relations with the west

Source: https://www.britannica.com/place/Empire-of-Japan/The-demise-of-imperial-Japan

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World War II and early successes

The Pearl Harbor attack on December 7, 1941, achieved complete surprise, and the U.S. naval presence in the Pacific was significantly weakened as a result. Although some critics accused Roosevelt of creating a " back door to war" by precipitating the conflict, the Pearl Harbor attack galvanized the American people and awakened in them a determination to see the war through to a successful finish. This invalidated a major premise upon which the Japanese had based their decision. They had expected that once they fortified their new holdings, the "soft" democracies would balk at a reconquest that would be undoubtedly expensive in blood and treasure. Instead, U.S. naval strength in the Pacific was expanded dramatically, and Japan's chain of defenses was breached before these riches could be effectively tapped by Japan.

The first years of the Pacific War brought Japan astounding victories. Japanese troops occupied Manila on January 2, 1942, although the American and Filipino defenders of Corregidor held out until May 6. Singapore fell on February 15, the Dutch East Indies were taken early in March, and Rangoon ( Yangon) on March 8. The Allies struggled to maintain lines of communication with Australia, and the sinking of the British battleships Repulse and Prince of Wales, combined with the U.S. losses at Pearl Harbor, seemed to promise the Japanese navy complete freedom of action. In Japan the military situation bolstered Tōjō's confidence and popularity, and he began to adopt the mannerisms of a fascist leader. In the months that followed, however, it developed that the U.S. Navy had not been permanently driven from the South Pacific.

From Midway to Hiroshima

The Battle of Midway (June 3-6, 1942) cost the Japanese fleet aircraft carrier strength it could ill afford to lose. The battle for Guadalcanal in the Solomons ended with a Japanese withdrawal in February 1943. After Midway, Japanese naval strategists began to analyze shipping and battle losses and concluded that Japan's outlook for victory was poor. Their conclusions were carefully kept to themselves.

The Battle of the Philippine Sea (June 19-20, 1944) devastated what remained of Japanese carrier-based aircraft strength, and it led to the fall of Saipan in July 1944. This placed U.S. bombers within range of Tokyo and doomed the Tōjō cabinet. It was replaced by that of Koiso Kuniaki. Koiso formed a supreme war council which was designed as a connection between the government and the high command. By this time it was becoming evident that Japan was losing the war, but no group was ready with an exit strategy that was acceptable to military leaders. Told only of victories, the Japanese people remained largely ignorant of the direction that the war had taken. The Battle of Leyte Gulf (October 23-26, 1944) effectively ended the ability of the Japanese Combined Fleet to carry out offensive operations and ushered in the widespread use of kamikaze attacks on Allied ships. The U.S. firebombing raids of 1945 devastated Tokyo and brought destruction to every major city except the old capital of Kyōto. Even then the generals were committed to continuing the war, confident that a major victory or even a protracted battle would be the best way of gaining honourable terms. Allied talk of unconditional surrender provided an additional rationale for continuing the fight.

In February 1945 the emperor met with senior statesmen, including Konoe, Okada, and other former premiers, to discuss Japan's options. After U.S. troops landed on Okinawa in April 1945, the Koiso government fell. The new premier, Adm. Suzuki Kantarō, was a veteran of the First Sino-Japanese War and an advocate of reaching a settlement with the Americans as soon as possible; the question was not whether to end the war but how best to do so. The first proposal involved soliciting the intervention of the Soviets, with whom Japan was still at peace. Konoe planned to travel to Moscow, but the Soviets had pledged to enter the Pacific War themselves. They delayed a reply while Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin took part in the Potsdam Conference in July. While the Potsdam Declaration of July 26 restated the American ultimatum for an unconditional surrender, it pledged that Japan would not be "enslaved as a race nor destroyed as a nation." The path to an honourable surrender seemed open, but Suzuki's response to the Potsdam Declaration was noncommital, and the Japanese government made no additional statements.

On August 6 a U.S. Army Air Forces B-29 dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, destroying the city. The Soviet Union declared war on Japan on August 8. The following day the Red Army marched into Manchuria, where the Kwantung Army, whose best units had long since been withdrawn, could offer only slight resistance. A second atomic bomb was dropped, on Nagasaki on August 9.

The Suzuki government now attempted to gain as its sole condition for surrender a qualification concerning the preservation of the imperial institution. After the Allies replied that the will of the Japanese people would be respected, the emperor insisted on surrender. The Pacific War came to an end on August 14, 1945. Extremists within the military made a final attempt to prolong the war by preventing the August 15 radio broadcast of the emperor's surrender announcement, but they were unsuccessful. The surrender was accompanied by a wave of suicides by military officers and nationalists who felt themselves dishonoured, but the emperor's personal prestige was sufficient to carry the surrender process to its conclusion. To facilitate the transition, on August 16 the Suzuki cabinet was replaced by that of Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko; Higashikuni would be the only member of the royal family to serve as prime minister. On September 2, 1945, U.S. and Japanese representatives met aboard the USS in Tokyo Bay to conclude the formal surrender agreement.

Investigators who studied the political and economic factors preceding the surrender concluded that neither the atomic bomb nor the Soviet declaration of war were the central factors in Japan's capitulation, although they probably hastened its arrival. It was concluded that the Allied naval blockade had brought economic victory by annihilating Japan's merchant marine capacity and preventing the effective exploitation of Japan's new colonies. American submarines sank nearly 5 million tons of Japanese merchant ships, while army and navy aircraft accounted for an additional 2.5 million tons. The devastating American strategic bombing campaign brought the consciousness of defeat to the Japanese public, killing hundreds of thousands and rendering nearly one-third of Japan's urban population homeless. The sanguinary battles in the Pacific had so depleted the strength of the Japanese navy and air force that the home islands could be threatened with invasion. The American occupation force found Japan's cities in ruins, its supplies exhausted, and its factories gutted. The government, whose boasts and guarantees of victory had proven hollow, stood without prestige or respect. Shortages of food and spiraling inflation threatened what remained of the kokutai. The time was ripe for changes.

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Empire of Japan - WWII, Surrender, Occupation

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Empire of Japan - WWII, Surrender, Occupation: The Pearl Harbor attack on December 7, 1941, achieved complete surprise, and the U.S. naval presence in the Pacific was significantly weakened as a result.

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European countries’ scramble for African territories is a contributing factor to economic rivalries that developed between the nations

By the early 1800s, an Islamic revival spread across West Africa

Usman dan Fodio (scholar and preacher) called for social and religious reforms; caused people to rise up against their European rulers

The success of Nigeria as a powerful Islamic state inspired other Muslim movements in West Africa

Between 1780 and 1880, more than a dozen Islamic leaders rose to power, replacing old rulers in west Sudan

In 1787, the British organized Sierra Leone as a colony for slaves in West Africa

King Leopold II of Belgium wanted to conquest Africa

Britain, France, and Germany pressed rival claims to the region

European countries met at an international conference that took place at Berlin in 1884

At the Berlin Conference, European powers decided to send officials who would exert their power over local rulers and people

This method of imperialism is known as direct rule, and the form they used was colonization

20 years after the Berlin Conference, European countries had already partitioned most of the continent with little regard for ethnic boundaries

Africans were given little to no role in the government and the wealth they generated went out to Europe

Samori Toure fought French forces in West Africa, where he was building his own empire

During the Age of Imperialism, a Western-educated African elite (upper class) emerged

Some members of this elite admired Western ways and rejected their own culture, while others valued African traditions and condemned Western societies

By the early 1900s, African leaders were forging nationalism movements, which allowed them to pursue self-determination and independence

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/place/western-Africa/Initial-difficulty-of-European-administration

https://1.cdn.edl.io/9KI5qyYFpsH1hgCFc2bJ1yWckQncw7PxQNe6wlwoGEfwXpjr.pdf

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Nigeria used to be a great country with a lot of natural resources. However, after Britain and Europe attempted to expand and imperialism into Africa, Nigeria had a big impact on their ways of life and resources, and suffered a blow. Britain simply took any and all materials anytime they wanted.

The Nigerians also did not have a strong military or ways of fighting, so they could not protect themselves from the British. This caused the British to take advantage of the Nigerians and colonize them.

After British took Nigeria, they implemented direct and indirect rule over Nigeria to attain valuable materials from them. Sometimes, they even exploited them!

The British also spread Christianity all across Nigeria, and altered their political, economical, and religious practices.

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Egypt was imperialized by Britain from 1882-1956

There were three types of imperialism in Egypt overtime. From 1882-1913 there was veiled protectorate, 1914-1922 there was formal protectorate, and 1922-1956 there was continued occupation.

Egypt had a failing economic system and land for military positioning, making it desirable for European countries such as Britain.

Imperialism made Egypt’s economy much better when it was originally at a critical low. Egypt’s cotton industry rapidly grew.

British imperialism negatively impacted Egypt due to loss of culture the nation experienced and they lost a lot of freedom. This occurred as a result of Britain’s power over most of Egypt.

The country was under direct control.

Link with extra information:

https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/imperialism-in-egypt/#:~:text=Imperialism%20had%20a%20massive%20and,as%20a%20result%20of%20imperialism.

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The British Trespass On India By Hetvi Patel

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The British Trespass On India By Hetvi Patel

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The British conquered India by using their diversity against them, many Indians spoke a variety of languages and had different religious beliefs.

The diversity allowed the British to take over India as the Indians were not able to unite together with their cultural differences to stand against Britain.

Britain’s form of rule was a colony, the British resided in India and had control over the Government of Raj entirely made up of British officials, the British used the method of direct rule.

Another form of rule Britain used was the sphere of influence, the British East India Company helped promote Britain trade far East.

The British East India Company was made on December 31st, 1600 by a group of more than 200 English merchants whom petitioned Queen Elizabeth I.

The Queen made the group a Royal Charter, giving the British East India Company a monopoly on all trade in the Far East.

When the company was created it was determined that it would be managed by a single governor and a group of 24 directors.​

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

https://www.historycrunch.com/british-imperialism-in-india-overview.html#/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company

https://www.mrbelloblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/4.-British-Take-Over-India-.pdf

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British went there to secure raw materials/resources for industrialization (Nigeria was sort of protectorate form of imperialism, but also sphere of influence form too)

Cultures/traditions affected or lost in Nigeria; religious influence was major part; economic problems also occurred

Had taken materials during occupation and shipped out of Nigeria (weren’t planning to stay and didn’t put industries or productions)

Big tolls on Nigerian economy (wealth from handcrafting skills); raised Nigeria’s growth/industry but as British took resources lost ability to make their products (big disadvantage)

Imperialism caused conflict outbreaks of Nigerian communities (and between them) because British made “reformed” regions, creating competition, leading to civil wars

Faced consequences during/after British ruled/took over Nigeria; nation had no say/option about what laws or rules made; after independence consequences were bad because many economic and governmental uses came as British colonialism ended there.

Source: https://u.osu.edu/cs1100sp21fechtel/2021/02/13/british-colonialism-in-nigeria-things-fall-apart-by-chinua-achebe-context-presentation-sophie-ireton/#:~:text=Imperialism%20in%20Africa%20was%20the,for%20industrialization%20(Ikponmwosa%2020).

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British’s Scar on India - Sahya Patel 4B

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British’s Scar on India - Sahya Patel 4B

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Link with research information: https://www.britannica.com/money/topic/East-India-Company

British’s rule of India was an example of a form of Spheres of Influence imperialism. Spheres of Influence imperialism is when an outside power claims exclusive trading or investment privileges.

In this case of India, East India Company, an English company founded on December 31, 1600 was formed to take advantage of India’s(and Southeast Asia’s) trade with the East. This company was one of the extensions of British imperialism in India from 18th century to the mid 19th century.

During this time, the company on the basis of improving India’s economy and helping with their trade, entered into their politics and influenced the government with British ideas.

The East India Company traded cotton, silk, indigo, saltpeter, tea, slaves, and Indian spices with the Indians in order to break the Spanish and Portugal spice trade monopoly.

The East India Company brought imported slaves to factories in Southeast Asia and India and used the locals in these areas in order to produce the natural resources like cotton, silk, indigo, etc. that were to be traded with others.

The East India Company slowly started to gain control of certain parts of India and influenced the controlled parts of India with British ideas. Due to this Indians were forced to follow British rule and they were even treated as slaves leaving many of the Indians, helping produce the resources for trade, starving and poor.

After controlling many parts of the India, the East India Company started to fail. When the company controlled these parts, the shareholders were influencing British policy so the Indian government had to interfere to stop this and caused the Regulating Act(1773) and India Act (1784) both of which allowed governmental control over the political policies. After the East India Company failed, the British government took over India’s government and treated it as a colony, in the form of spheres of influence.

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By Freya Brigilin

Imperialism had a negative and big impact on Egypt

After the British colonization of the nation, there was a lack of freedom

Corruption took place

800 Egyptians died and 1600 were injured during the revolutionary activity

Egyptians were used as cheap labor

Loss of culture, education, health care and freedom were all results of British imperialism

Egypts economy was positively impacted during this time

After Britain departed from Egypt, the country fell into financial crisis.

Sources:

https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/imperialism-in-egypt/#:~:text=Imperialism%20had%20a%20massive%20and,as%20a%20result%20of%20imperialism.

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Punjab’s Powers during Imperialism - Meher Singh

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Punjab’s Powers during Imperialism - Meher Singh

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-Punjab was under a protectorate form of Imperialism due to the fact the British had full control over the area but Punjab still governed their own area

-The management methods through Punjab were direct due to the fact when the Sikhs were defeated by the British empire due to the traitor Tej Singh, their area became annexed. They directly put their forms of management on top of them through war and commands

-There were many disagreements about land during the time and they differed in the ideas of what to do so

-During 1907 Punjab unrest happened principally around the Colonisation bill that was implemented in the province in 1906 which went against the Punjab Land Alienation Act which tried to restrict the land ownership in Punjab. These lands were so important due to the canals and/or rivers near them

-This continued in agitation and soon after Bengal, Punjab and Britain began to separate into different provinces. Muslims were forced to go to Pakistan and non-Muslims were forced to go to India

-Within the migration itself, many disputes happened and the violent nature of the areas cause India and Pakistan to be suspicious and hostile of each other

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India

https://www.britannica.com/place/Punjab-state-India/History

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Canal_Colonies

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Indirect Imperialism in Nigeria- By Anish Kothuri

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Indirect Imperialism in Nigeria- By Anish Kothuri

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Indirect rule was more applied in the north, while direct rule was applied more in South Africa

Indirect rule is a type of imperialism where local government positions are filled by locals

The British tried to take a very gentle approach with their new Nigerian colonies

Many positive changes accompanied the British rule: Western education, the English language, and Christianity spread during the period

With the new education and resources brought by the British the people of Nigeria were able to create new forms of currency, transportation, and communication.

Traditional rulers and local elites were often appointed as agents of the colonial administration, responsible for enforcing British laws and policies

The British were constantly paranoid of a revolt from the Nigerian people, so they tried to keep the tribes away from each other as much as possible

Sources:

https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Imperialism-In-Nigeria-FCAC2VJPY8V

https://republic.com.ng/october-november-2023/the-making-of-nigeria/#:~:text=While%20British%20colonial%20administrators%20like,was%20exercised%20in%20the%20South.

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Imperialism in Egypt by Eshaan Rangarajan

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Imperialism in Egypt by Eshaan Rangarajan

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Imperialism had a massive and negative impact on Egypt as can be seen through the lack of freedom that resulted from British colonization of the nation

Additionally, many Egyptians died due to exploitation and the occurrence of revolutionary activity as a result of imperialism

Not only was the revolution caused by the negative impacts of imperialism, but it itself caused further impacts that negatively effected Egypt.

The main impact was the death toll. It is estimated that 800 Egyptians died while a further 1600 were injured during revolutionary activity

Source:https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/imperialism-in-egypt/#:~:text=Imperialism%20had%20a%20massive%20and,as%20a%20result%20of%20imperialism.

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French Parliament arrests activists during 1947 rebellion

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France’s Expanse into Madagascar - Research By: Saheba Dang   

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France’s Expanse into Madagascar - Research By: Saheba Dang   

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Who & Where?

France conquers Madagascar

When?

August 6, 1896: French Parliament voted to annex this island & sent Gen. Joseph-Simon Gallieni as the first military commander

France took nearly 200 years to establish their (unchallenged) political control

Before it had been established, citizens of Madagascar had been under the rule of Malagasy rulers, under whom they could enjoy freedom

WHY did it take so long? - France = no rush to establish political authority over a sub-continent that was far, and (at the time) seemed to have no hope of economic return

Why?

France colonized Madagascar for it to be used as a “refueling” base for merchants and a way for France to expand their trade within the Indian Ocean

How?

By force

France typically used direct rule

Form of Imperial Rule:

Madagascar was primarily characterized as a Colony under France’s rule, as it’s internal government had been replaced by France’s Parliment

However, France had also taken advantage of Madagascar’s trade systems through as France made it so that 3/4ths of all of Madagascar’s was with France.

They had also limited the different types of products that could be exported out of Madagascar to agricultural products and raw materials for industry ONLY

Additionally, France strived to create Westernized economic developments

France had managed Madagascar with Indirect rule

They influenced half of Madagascar’s population to convert to Christianty

French education was mandatory

Though French administrators took control, local leaders were also represented

French products were favored by customs duties BUT Madagascar’s enterprise was encouraged

Additional Info:

Use of roads, railroads, and modern health services began

Slavery abolished by French authorities

1947: Thousands of nationalists were killed in a rebellion against France

JUNE 26 1960: INDEPENDENCE!!

Sources:

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13864364

https://www.jstor.org/stable/45309984

https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0037.004/--flux-du-sang-et-sauterelles-how-the-people-and-environment?rgn=main;view=fulltext#:~:text=%5B14%5D%20Meant%20to%20be%20a,trade%20within%20the%20Indian%20Ocean.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Madagascar/Outside-influences-1861-95

https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/teaching-resources-for-historians/teaching-and-learning-in-the-digital-age/through-the-lens-of-history-biafra-nigeria-the-west-and-the-world/the-colonial-and-pre-colonial-eras-in-nigeria/the-french-argument-for-direct-rule#:~:text=%22Indirect%20rule%22%20was%20not%20the,these%20two%20forms%20of%20rule.

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By: Ayanna Chugh

The imperial management method that Britain used on Nigeria was indirect because Britain still had power within the country but local leader/officials still had power

The form of imperialism that Britain used on Nigeria was colonialism because Nigeria was governed internally by a foreign power (Britain), which helped it into becoming more powerful.

Imperialism in Nigeria started as a way for the British to get materials/goods from the country for industrialization.

However, Britain didn’t want to stay in Nigeria and decided not to establish any permanent means of industry or production.

The British took any of Nigeria’s materials and exported them out of the country.

This resulted in a huge dip in Nigeria’s economy since their main skill was handcrafting, which was a big potential of industrialization and economic growth.

Two of the many communities in Nigeria were the Aguleri and the Umuleri groups. Britain created conflict between these two groups as a result of imperialism.

The British industrialized a city called Otu-Ocha (that was near both groups) and turned it into a trade center.

This example of industrialization created major conflict between both groups as each community wanted the land of the trade center for themselves.

This conflict sparked a war between the Aguleri and Umuleri.

Sources:

https://u.osu.edu/cs1100sp21fechtel/2021/02/13/british-colonialism-in-nigeria-things-fall-apart-by-chinua-achebe-context-presentation-sophie-ireton/#:~:text=Imperialism%20in%20Africa%20was%20the,for%20industrialization%20(Ikponmwosa%2020).

https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/The-arrival-of-the-British

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Beginning’s of British Imperialism taking over Uganda

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Beginning’s of British Imperialism taking over Uganda

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By: Simran Singh

Britains obsession with finding and discovering the source of the Nile river is what compelled them to Uganda

In 1885 during the Berlin Conference, Uganda (one of many nations) is given to the British

With permission from the Kabaka (king), the Imperial British East African Company sets up in Uganda in 1888

In 1890, the Anglo-German Agreement made Uganda a British protectorate/territory, allowing British to DOMINATE Uganda

In 1894, Uganda signed multiple treaties -> British have rights to harvest cotton = protection; Uganda joins British Sphere of Influence

The British trick Ugandan rulers into signing treaties that give away their natural resources. The British didn’t respect their end of the bargain (protection)

British brought in an army -> COLONIZATION

Colonized Uganda -> forced natives to do labor for British & made Ugandan people who agreed with Imperialism join the military

British set up INDIRECT GOVERNMENT -> favored Bugandans and upset northern tribes

Bugandan people were treated well while notherners were forced to join Ugandan Army = UNFAIR to uneducated people

Source:

https://imperialismhistoryuganda.weebly.com/during-imperialism.html#:~:text=The%20British%20Take%20Over&text=In%201885%20Uganda%2C%20among%20other,a%20British%20protectorate%20or%20territory.

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British Imperialism Over India —Aryan Patel

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British Imperialism Over India —Aryan Patel

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British took over India with the East India Company which started to gain power.

British crown took direct control of India to start British rule.

Before the British ruled India it was the Mughal EMpire who was the dominant power in India.

The Mughal Empire declined which led to the East India Company being the dominant power.

The British the the crown over India from 1858.

India gained it’s independence in August 15, 1947.

Tens of million of Indians died of starvation and the Indians suffered with poverty, malnutrition, disease cultural upheaval, economic exploitation, political, disadvantage and much more.

The British took over India for trade and establish colonies. The British also wanted to spread Christianity throughout the country.

The British wanted to make as much money from India as possible.

India gained independence from Great Britain after decades of conflict and struggle led by Mahatma Gandhi led the country to independence with his non-violent movements.

asianstudies.org

Britannia.com

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Imperialism in Eqypt - Sahasra Chukkapalli

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Imperialism in Eqypt - Sahasra Chukkapalli

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When Imperialism struck Egypt, the European powers took over Egypt and left Egypt with no firm political structure

During Imperialism, many Eqyptians died because of exploitation and constant revolutionary activity

This exploitation led to a revolution in 1919

The revolution, basically caused by Imperialism, led to Eqypt being negatively affected

Hundreds and thousands of Eqyptians ended up dying and the rest were heavily injured

Eqyptians were also unfairly used for cheap labor and in the cotton industry

This also put Eqypt into a major financial/economic loss

Eqyptians ended up losing their culture, education, health care, and freedom all due to the activity of Imperialism

Source:

https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/impe

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Prior to imperialism China was ruled by the Qing dynasty from 1600-1912

European interest in China partially began from the writings of Italian liar Marco Polo who pulled the ‘travels of Marco Polo’ in 1300 issuing his experiences in China

To limit contact with the European the Qing dynasty issued the Canton system which only allowed trade in the Canton port (tea silk and porcelain were popular)

Over time the western countries began to stop following the canton system which created anger between citizen and what they called their corrupt government also leading to the opium wars

The Chinese brutally lost the first opium war and was forced to sign treaties to the European countries which they referred to as ‘unequal treaties,

In the second opium was the British demanded for opium ( a drug) to be allowed and exported to China

The Second Opium War ended in October of 1860 and the China continued to stay under western influence

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From the late 1800s to 1954, Vietnam was a part of a French colony called Indochina along with Laos and Cambodia

The French wanted to colonize Vietnam to gain access to the country's raw materials that could make more profit and to further establish themselves in Asia

Life in Vietnam before imperialism

Vietnam was previously ruled by China before the Vietnamese overthrew their Chinese rulers and became independent

Vietnam had emperors, but they did not have much influence or power over the people

The villages in Vietnam had locally elected men based on their education and status ruling over them

The people in these villages had little to no contact with the outside world so they weren't well-informed

The people in Vietnam were educated and grew their crops while living a peaceful life as a Buddhist

Life in Vietnam During imperialism

European missionaries were welcomed into Indochina for their skills and connections to European suppliers with new weapons and merchandise

The French hired missionaries to convert the Vietmense to Catholicism and the French merchants saw an opportunity to make a profit of off rice, coffee, and tea.

The French forced the Vietnamese to surrender their land and give the French special privileges

The French would fight against the Vietenemse Rivials and every time they won, they would gain more control over land, rights to trade, and spread their religion

The French began to take over the roles of Vitetenemse leaders and by 1925, 5,000 Frenchmen ruled Vietnam leaving the Vietnamese low paying jobs

The French built railroads that connected major cities, brought electricity into the country, imported vehicles, paved roads, and built bridges

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/place/Vietnam/The-conquest-of-Vietnam-by-France

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by Rishaan Trivedi

In 1882 Egypt was acquired by Britain

The country had many aspects of imperialism that countries wanted which was a weak economic system while having strategic economic and military positioning

It also had the Suez canal which was a desire of many European countries

The country was heavily impacted by British’s selfish actions and much was lost of its freedom, health systems, religion, and control of its own country

The only positive impact that this had was Britain greatly improved Egypts failing economy

By 1889 economy and infrastructure exploded with roads, dams, and railways while the economy saw a budget surplus due to British expanding cotton and light industries and tourism

However, all these things didn’t make up for the negative effects caused by the British who spread their power over Egypt into the schooling systems

Egypt was announced as a British protectorate in 1914 but had always been one since British got a hold of it in 1882.

Sources :

https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/imperialism-in-egypt/#:~:text=Imperialism%20had%20a%20massive%20and,as%20a%20result%20of%20imperialism.

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Felony in Colony by Ashish Samuel, Honors World History, 4B

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Felony in Colony by Ashish Samuel, Honors World History, 4B

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There was a time when India was known as the golden bird because of its rich natural resources and cultural and intellectual vibrancy.

The British Empire used divide and rule method to gradually take over the entire Indian subcontinent and capture this golden bird.

It all began with the East India company coming to India to have trade and establishing themselves by taking permission from local rulers to own land and conduct trade etc. The economic interest turned into political involvement.

The East India company overthrew some rulers in attempts to conquer and rule some parts of the country.

The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 led to a turning point in the East India Company’s authority. Due to the unrest that followed, The British East India company was abolished and the British government took direct control over India.

Thus India became a colony of the British Empire.

The British Empire’s careless attitude led to the famine in Bengal where over 4 million Indians died in 1943.

India’s handicraft and self sustaining economy was destroyed as result of British introducing manufactured goods.

Britain exploited Indians and Indian economy by draining the wealth of the country.

The British policies created great disparity between the rich and the poor.

The method of imperial management was direct.

Sources: https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/blighted-by-empire-what-the-british-did-to-india/

https://enrouteindianhistory.com/the-plight-of-the-indian-handicraft-industry/

https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/humanrights/2023/07/12/beyond-the-raj-how-british-colonialism-continues-to-impact-human-rights-in-india/#:~:text=Rising%20Economic%20Inequality%20and%20India's%20Rural%20Poor&text=In%2040%20years%2C%20between%201880,in%20the%20mid%2D20th%20century.

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Imperial Echoes: Unraveling Life in British India’s Bombay Presidency -Mahi Patel

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Imperial Echoes: Unraveling Life in British India’s Bombay Presidency -Mahi Patel

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British India (Bombay Presidency)

Life Before:

1. ﻿﻿﻿Before British imperialism, Bombay Presidency was under the control of various indigenous rulers and kingdoms.

2. ﻿﻿﻿The region had a diverse population, with communities of Hindus, Muslims, Parsis, and others coexisting.

3. ﻿﻿﻿Agriculture was a major occupation, with the cultivation of crops like rice, wheat, cotton, and sugarcane.

4. ﻿﻿﻿Trade and commerce thrived, with Bombay serving as a significant port for maritime activities.

5. ﻿﻿﻿The region had a rich cultural heritage, with art, music, and literature flourishing.

6. ﻿﻿﻿Education was primarily limited to the elite classes, with traditional systems of learning prevalent.

7. ﻿﻿﻿The society was structured hierarchically, with a clear distinction between different social classes.

8. ﻿﻿﻿Local governance was carried out by indigenous rulers and local administrative bodies.

9. ﻿﻿﻿The region had its own legal and judicial systems, influenced by local customs and traditions.

10. ﻿﻿﻿﻿The economy was primarily agrarian, with limited industrialization and modern infrastructure.

Life During:

1. ﻿﻿﻿British administration directly controlled the Bombay presidency, exerting direct rule over the region.

2. ﻿﻿﻿The economy was transformed with the introduction of new agriculturall systems and the expansion of the textile industry.

3. ﻿﻿﻿Industrialization led to the establishment of factories and increased employment opportunities in cities.

4. ﻿﻿﻿The Bombay presidency became a major commercial and financial center, attracting foreign investments.

5. ﻿﻿﻿Western education was introduced, opening up new opportunities for higher education and professional training.

6. ﻿﻿﻿Infrastructure was improved with the construction of roads, railways, and modern ports.

7. ﻿﻿﻿The British administration introduced new legal and judicial systems based on English law.

8. ﻿﻿﻿Society was influenced by the caste system and social segregation, with the British occupying positions of power.

9. ﻿﻿﻿Western culture had a significant impact on daily life, influencing clothing, music, and architecture.

10. ﻿﻿﻿﻿Resistance and nationalist movements developed, with leaders like Mahatma Gandhi fighting for India's independence.

Life After:

1. ﻿﻿﻿The Bombay presidency became part of independent India, with the region gaining self-governance.

2. ﻿﻿﻿The economy continued to evolve, with a focus on industrialization and diversification of industries.

3. ﻿﻿﻿The government implemented policies to promote economic growth and development in the region.

4. ﻿﻿﻿Education became more accessible, with a focus on expanding literacy rates and improving educational infrastructure.

5. ﻿﻿﻿Social reforms were introduced to address issues such as caste discrimination and gender inequality.

6. ﻿﻿﻿The region witnessed urbanization and the growth of cities, leading to improved infrastructure and living standards.

7. ﻿﻿﻿Cultural expressions flourished, with a renewed emphasis on local traditions and art forms.

8. ﻿﻿﻿Political participation increased, with the establishment of democratic institutions and the right to vote.

9. ﻿﻿﻿The region experienced advancements in healthcare, leading to improved public health and life expectancy.

10. ﻿﻿﻿﻿Efforts were made to preserve and celebrate the diverse cultural heritage of the Bombay presidency.

Links:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiOgd7604GEAxXilYkEHZYoAsoQFnoECCYQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBritishraj&usg=AOvVaw10-a2xQYtg4yrYjlC2tjB4&opi=89978449

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiOgd7604GEAxXilYkEHZYoAsoQFnoECCkQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhum5415.omeka.fas.harvard.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fmappingmumbai%2Fbombaybritishpossession&usg=AOvVaw0yS96YY4X5jJzNKDvdxjyV&opi=89978449

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Britain Enforces Imperialism in India - Arun Subramanian

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Britain Enforces Imperialism in India - Arun Subramanian

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The Rule of Britain over India lasted from 1858(when Britain conquered India) to 1947(when India and Pakistan declared independence from Britain).

Previously, India was controlled by the Mogul Empire where all were unified through culture and religion. However, after the fall of the Moghul Empire, many Indians were fighting amongst themselves due to differences in culture and religion which contributed to India becoming weak.

Britain had used this opportunity to set up the East India Company in India after claiming permission to do so from the local landowners.

However, the Sepoys or Indian troops of Britain were controlled by the East India Company and after the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857 when the Sepoys were forced to commit acts they didn’t like, the British increased control over India in fear of them gaining independence.

Now, the British enforced Direct rule as opposed to previously as they now didn’t want any chance of India slipping out of their hands.

As Britain continued to gain control over India, they modernized it and imperialized it through implementing western and ideas of their own land in India.

https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

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British oppression on India; Madhulika Raja 

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British oppression on India; Madhulika Raja 

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Specific Region: Madras Presidency

present day tamilnadu, Andhrapradesh, parts of Karntaka and Odisha

The British took over India in 1858 for raw materials to power factories in England. India was known for many cash crops such as cotton which the British wanted.

They controlled and oppressed the Indians and even tried to convert them into Christians. They believed they were the superior race and looked down on Indians and made them work long hours of labor.

The Madras Presidency:

Madras presidency was officially called Presidency of Fort St. George by the British and was an administrative subdivision also known as Madras province

Its capitals changed by the season. The winter capital was Madras and it is summer capital is Ootacamund

In 1639 the English east India company bought a village of madraspatnam and a year later established the agency of Fort St George

The British changed the government of the region and had one governor who had legislative, executive and judicial powers

The Indians felt oppressed and controlled by the British and wanted freedom from the long hours of working under them in their factories as well as other jobs for very cheap.

Over several years Indians had enough of this treatment and started to revolt

Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty established the Madras Native Association on 26 February 1852 but it didn’t last long

It was followed by the Madras Mahajana Sabha which was created on May 16th 1884.

Also out of the 72 delegates that participated in the first session of the Indian national congress 22 were from the Madras presidency

Newspapers such as the Hindu were also addressing the issue of independence

Sources:

https://www.utsavpedia.com/fashion-cults/the-presidency-of-madras/

https://www.britannica.com/place/Madras-Presidency

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British Imperialism exploits Northern Rhodesia - Yohan Deshpande

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British Imperialism exploits Northern Rhodesia - Yohan Deshpande

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Northern Rhodesia was a British protectorate, being colonized in the 1890’s by the British South Africa Company(BSAC)

Controlled all mineral resources north of the Limpopo River

Used force(an army) to gain control of Northern Rhodesia and other places in Southern Africa

Beef, tobacco, and tea farming developed in Northern Rhodesia

Overtime, in the 1950’s, activity increased, and high quality copper ore was found in Northern Rhodesia, being one of the leading producers of this ore

Grew to one of the largest producers in Africa

Commercial businesses serviced mines for this copper ore, and divisions of cities were made

Brought in great amounts of workers, and supplied them with incomes which were increased

Migration into Northern Rhodesia created the demand for food, so cattle was raised by European settler farmers

Africans didn’t have a great say in their government

Gained independence in 1964 as the country Zambia, after producing over a billion dollars in sales of copper, however, this wealth wasn’t present in Zambia, and it was poverty stricken with low levels of living, and of education.

http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/unit-two/module-nine/module-nine-activity-six/

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Imperialism in Nigeria - Rishik Paripati

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Imperialism in Nigeria - Rishik Paripati

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﻿﻿The Nigerians did not have a strong military, which led to little protection against the British forces. This caused the British to take advantage of the Nigerians and colonize them.

﻿﻿After the British took over

Nigeria, they implemented direct and indirect rule over Nigeria to attain valuable materials they possessed.

﻿﻿The British later divided
Nigeria's population into groups to prevent them from resisting authority as a unit.

﻿﻿They had a local government over years of its colonization, but there was a more distant but powerful central government in London.

Nigeria was a colony and a protectorate, meaning the British had control, but there was an internal government within Nigeria.

Sources:

https://u.osu.edu/introhumanities

online/2020/02/04/history-of-the-british-takeover-of-nigeria/

https://www.britannica.com/place

/Nigeria/Nigeria-as-a-colony.