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On monday, the first thing we did was going to school. There, we firstly went to the auditorium were we stayed for about two hours. For those two hours we did some activities about some species of the botanic garden, more specific, they gave us some leaves and we needed to draw them and then identify the correspondant species.

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On monday, the first thing we did was going to school. There, we firstly went to the auditorium were we stayed for about two hours. For those two hours we did some activities about some species of the botanic garden, more specific, they gave us some leaves and we needed to draw them and then identify the correspondant species.

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We woke up, had breakfast around 8am and headed to school, where we would have another activity with the Italian students.
This activity consisted of taking a walk around the city of Catania to discover more of its monuments, whether from its history or legends that existed.

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After  finishing these activities at school, we went to a botanic garden near  the school where several students talked about and explained the different native and common species from Italy.

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After  finishing these activities at school, we went to a botanic garden near  the school where several students talked about and explained the different native and common species from Italy.

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Some species / common plants from the Botanical Garden and that can be found in Italy.

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Some species / common plants from the Botanical Garden and that can be found in Italy.

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This is the view of Mount Etna from the Piazza dell'Università.

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We started our day in the Piazza dell'Università (University square). During this morning we had a "tour" with three teachers from the University of Catania. 

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We started our day in the Piazza dell'Università (University square). During this morning we had a "tour" with three teachers from the University of Catania. 

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We begin our adventure in this urban park, which is one of the oldest in Catania

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Twinspace Home - Anonymous / Outsider | ESEP

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Science and Geology Revisited through the Eyes of the Students We intend to know and disseminate the geological landscapes of Portugal (Azores) and Italy (Sicily) Our main idea is to develop Geological Virtual Field Trip Guides and share them, creating webpages to publish on the Internet Students will make short videos of geological landscapes, identifying the rocks and minerals that exist there, as well as the different forms of erosion that sculpted them, sharing them with colleagues from the country.

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Time to reflect! Write here your thoughts and feelings about the week

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Time to reflect! Write here your thoughts and feelings about the week

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Share your thoughts at departing, and some photos 

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Share your thoughts at departing, and some photos 

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In this image we can see some of the earthquakes that happened in Catania and what was its impact on the city. In purple we have the earthquakes that caused the worst damages. 

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The teachers told us about some of the most important eruptions and earthquakes that happened because of Etna. 

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The teachers told us about some of the most important eruptions and earthquakes that happened because of Etna. 

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Here we have the geological map of the urban area of ​Catania. 

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We talked about the types of rocks that exist in Catania after the big eruption of 1669.

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We talked about the types of rocks that exist in Catania after the big eruption of 1669.

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We learnt that all of the lava (magmatic rocks) in Catania are from the 1669 eruption. Before this eruption, Catania was known as the "White city" because the predominant rocks were clays (whitish and bluish clays). After the eruption the city started to be called "Black city" (because of the basalts).

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We learnt that all of the lava (magmatic rocks) in Catania are from the 1669 eruption. Before this eruption, Catania was known as the "White city" because the predominant rocks were clays (whitish and bluish clays). After the eruption the city started to be called "Black city" (because of the basalts).

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The circled orange zone is the safe zone of Catania.

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Catania was the first city to think about civil protection in Europe. After the 1669 eruption and the 1693 earthquake most of the city was destroyed, except this zone. With this, the mayor and the senate moved to this specific part of Catania, declaring it as a safe zone for people to live. 

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Catania was the first city to think about civil protection in Europe. After the 1669 eruption and the 1693 earthquake most of the city was destroyed, except this zone. With this, the mayor and the senate moved to this specific part of Catania, declaring it as a safe zone for people to live. 

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In the XVII century, earthquakes and lava flows destroyed Catania and its monuments completely, including the Ursino Castle and the Duomo (which were only partially destroyed. These monuments were rebuilt and were declared national heritage by UNESCO.

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In the XVII century, earthquakes and lava flows destroyed Catania and its monuments completely, including the Ursino Castle and the Duomo (which were only partially destroyed. These monuments were rebuilt and were declared national heritage by UNESCO.

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On the way to the San Nicolò l'Arena Church we passed some Roman remains (Resti Romani). 

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On the way to the San Nicolò l'Arena Church we passed some Roman remains (Resti Romani). 

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Our first stop was in the San Nicolò l'Arena Church (Chiesa di San Nicolò l'Arena). This church is connected to the Benedictine Monastery of San Nicolò l'Arena (Monastero Benedettino di San Nicolò l'Arena). 

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Our first stop was in the San Nicolò l'Arena Church (Chiesa di San Nicolò l'Arena). This church is connected to the Benedictine Monastery of San Nicolò l'Arena (Monastero Benedettino di San Nicolò l'Arena). 

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The church's facade isn’t completed, since after being covered by lava, there wasn’t enough money to pay to finish the construction in the XVII century. In this church we can also see 7 different types of limestone, easily distinguished by their different colors, a consequence of the different weathering caused by water, for example.

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The church's facade isn’t completed, since after being covered by lava, there wasn’t enough money to pay to finish the construction in the XVII century. In this church we can also see 7 different types of limestone, easily distinguished by their different colors, a consequence of the different weathering caused by water, for example.

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Here we can see red limestone, marble and serpentinitis.

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On the floor of this monument we can spot limestone (red and yellow), marble (white) and serpentinitis (black). These rocks are not only from the island but also from other parts of Italy (Tuscany, for example).

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On the floor of this monument we can spot limestone (red and yellow), marble (white) and serpentinitis (black). These rocks are not only from the island but also from other parts of Italy (Tuscany, for example).

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Beautiful species in the Botanical Garden

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Beautiful species in the Botanical Garden

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More of the beautiful species of the Botanical Garden 

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More of the beautiful species of the Botanical Garden 

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We ate lunch at a street cafe and then we caught the bus to go to Taormina.

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We ate lunch at a street cafe and then we caught the bus to go to Taormina.

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This ancient greek theatre was initially built by the Greeks in the 3rd century bC before being rebuilt and enlarged by the Romans. It's the most dramatically situated Greek theatre in the world and the second largest in Sicily.

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Enchanted with the afternoon in Taormina!

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Enchanted with the afternoon in Taormina!

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Monument that stands Villa Bellini/Chiosco Bellini

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Monument that stands Villa Bellini/Chiosco Bellini

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Catania's Roman amphitheater was built in the 2nd century AD, probably during the time of Emperor Hadrian, and was constructed entirely of Etna lava stone covered in marble. At first it had a capacity of around 15,000 spectators. It was considered one of the largest amphitheatres in Italy.

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After visiting some monuments, we took a short break for a snack, where most of us enjoyed the famous Italian gelato. Then we returned to visit more monuments, each one beautiful and with several different styles that the city has to offer.

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Explanation about the monuments of Catania 

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Explanation about the monuments of Catania 

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The Elephant Fountain is a monument located in the center of Piazza del Duomo in the Sicilian city of Catania, built in the years 1735 and 1737.

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Catania Cathedral is undoubtedly the most imposing building in the city. It is located in Piazza Catania. The cathedral has been destroyed many times by earthquakes and had to be rebuilt in 1693.

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Fontana dell'Amenano is a beautiful fountain in Catania. The fountain consists of a large white marble shell on which stands a statue in honor of the Amenano River, represented by a young man. It supplied the entire city of Catania with water. But due to an eruption, lava covered the river. Despite this, it still flows under Catania today.

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Most of the structure of this theater is still visible today, even though the city's inhabitants have, over the centuries, used parts of it to build new residences.

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Some interesting facts about the Roman Theater 

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Some interesting facts about the Roman Theater 

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Having  that said, the morning ended and we then went to lunch, obviously some ate pasta, others ate lasagna and most of the group ended up eating the famous margherita pizza.

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Having just finished lunch, we had the afternoon to ourselves, so we decided to go to the beach called “San Giovanni Li Cuti”, to get there we took the metro. And so we spent an afternoon at the beach.

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Having just finished lunch, we had the afternoon to ourselves, so we decided to go to the beach called “San Giovanni Li Cuti”, to get there we took the metro. And so we spent an afternoon at the beach.

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This is a typical volcanic beach as its sand and rocks are black due to volcanic eruptions.

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At the end of the afternoon, we took the metro again, in the meantime we went to Lidl and ended up going to Mcdonald's to get our dinner to watch the Portuguese team play.

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Here we can see the yellow limestone in the floor of San Nicolò l'Arena Church.

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Inside this church are the eleven "Cannalori", which are large candles in baroque gilt casings used in the procession known as “della luminaria”. This procession takes place during the Festival of Saint Agatha and takes place from the 3rd to the 5th of February, each year in Catania, to celebrate the patron saint.

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Inside this church are the eleven "Cannalori", which are large candles in baroque gilt casings used in the procession known as “della luminaria”. This procession takes place during the Festival of Saint Agatha and takes place from the 3rd to the 5th of February, each year in Catania, to celebrate the patron saint.

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The slight difference in color in the limestones shows that they are two different types.

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Outside of the church we analyzed the limestone on the walls.

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Outside of the church we analyzed the limestone on the walls.

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Here we have a fossil of a shell in the limestone (sedimentary rock).

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Also looking at the limestone in the walls we saw small fossils. 

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Also looking at the limestone in the walls we saw small fossils. 

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Entrance to the Benedictine Monastery of San Nicolò l'Arena (Monastero Benedettino di San Nicolò l'Arena).

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After seeing the church we went to the Benedictine Monastery of San Nicolò l'Arena. This monastery is the second largest monastery in Europe, just behind the Mafra Monastery in Portugal. The monastery is now part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, and houses the Department of Humanities of the University of Catania.

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After seeing the church we went to the Benedictine Monastery of San Nicolò l'Arena. This monastery is the second largest monastery in Europe, just behind the Mafra Monastery in Portugal. The monastery is now part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, and houses the Department of Humanities of the University of Catania.

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We saw different types of basalt, ones with more pores (“holes”) due to a bigger number of gasses, and ones with less pores.  The lava that originated these had so little viscosity that it dislocated itself for 70 km and arrived in the city in a few weeks. 

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We saw different types of basalt, ones with more pores (“holes”) due to a bigger number of gasses, and ones with less pores.  The lava that originated these had so little viscosity that it dislocated itself for 70 km and arrived in the city in a few weeks. 

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Behind the monastery there were walls that worked like a barrier to the lava flow, which made a 90º turn, as it’s visible in the geological map. Taking this for an example, more walls were built to stop the lava flow.

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Behind the monastery there were walls that worked like a barrier to the lava flow, which made a 90º turn, as it’s visible in the geological map. Taking this for an example, more walls were built to stop the lava flow.

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As we can see in this geological map, the lava flow made a 90º turn in the monastery, continuing its way. Close to the Ursino Castle a lavic delta was formed.

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As we can see in this geological map, the lava flow made a 90º turn in the monastery, continuing its way. Close to the Ursino Castle a lavic delta was formed.

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In this representation we can understand better the lava flow of 1669. We also learned that the magma that causes this volcanism comes from the collapse between the African plate (where Sicily is located) and the Eurasian plate.

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In this representation we can understand better the lava flow of 1669. We also learned that the magma that causes this volcanism comes from the collapse between the African plate (where Sicily is located) and the Eurasian plate.

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As we got out of the monastery we saw the Dante Square balneary. Today we have the remains of a house from Roman times. In the center of the house there would then be the Roman balneum.

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As we got out of the monastery we saw the Dante Square balneary. Today we have the remains of a house from Roman times. In the center of the house there would then be the Roman balneum.

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Then we headed towards the Ursino Castle. Before the 1669 eruption the castle was placed by the sea, but with the eruption the island became 800 m larger, so now the Ursino Castle (Castello Ursino) is located in the middle of the city next to square Federico di Svevia.

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Then we headed towards the Ursino Castle. Before the 1669 eruption the castle was placed by the sea, but with the eruption the island became 800 m larger, so now the Ursino Castle (Castello Ursino) is located in the middle of the city next to square Federico di Svevia.

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The difference in color that we can see on the castle walls shows how far the castle was once covered in lava.

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The difference in color that we can see on the castle walls shows how far the castle was once covered in lava.

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We woke up, had breakfast and went to school at 9.

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Friday was farewell day, so we were in the auditorium talking about our impressions of the trip.

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We presented a padlet with images and texts about the trip, and shared it with all the students.

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After the farewell, we went to lunch with some of the Italian students.

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After having lunch, we got ready to go to the airport and travel to Amsterdam.

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After having lunch, we got ready to go to the airport and travel to Amsterdam.

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After seeing the Ursino Castle we got back to the city centre. In the city centre we saw the Fontana dell’Amenano (Amenano Fountain), the Duomo (Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Agatha) and the Fontana dell'Elefante (Fountain of the Elephant).

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After seeing the Ursino Castle we got back to the city centre. In the city centre we saw the Fontana dell’Amenano (Amenano Fountain), the Duomo (Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Agatha) and the Fontana dell'Elefante (Fountain of the Elephant).

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Duomo - Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Agatha

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Duomo - Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Agatha

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Fontana dell'Elefante - Fountain of the Elephant

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Fontana dell'Elefante - Fountain of the Elephant

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To finish our tour and the morning we went to the University of Catania (Università degli Studi di Catania) to visit the Museum of Sicilian Knowledge and Mirabilia (Museo dei Saperi e delle Mirabilia Siciliane).

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To finish our tour and the morning we went to the University of Catania (Università degli Studi di Catania) to visit the Museum of Sicilian Knowledge and Mirabilia (Museo dei Saperi e delle Mirabilia Siciliane).

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Inner courtyard of the University of Catania

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Inner courtyard of the University of Catania

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In the museum we also observed the fossil of a dwarf elephant, which reveals an ancient connection between Sicily and Malta, given the low sea level.

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In the museum we also observed the fossil of a dwarf elephant, which reveals an ancient connection between Sicily and Malta, given the low sea level.

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We started the day early, at around 7 a.m., had breakfast, and headed out on a bus trip to mount Etna.

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Before we started our hike across the mounts, we had a quick pit-stop at the Chalet, which we later on had lunch.

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The elephant is the symbol of Catania, that's why we can find so many elephants around the city.

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The elephant is the symbol of Catania, that's why we can find so many elephants around the city.

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The zone close to the castle is really sensitive to earthquakes, since it has clay and alluvium in its base, easing the seismic wave propagation.

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The zone close to the castle is really sensitive to earthquakes, since it has clay and alluvium in its base, easing the seismic wave propagation.

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Etna is the most active volcano in the world and its last eruption was last december. For locals, this vulcano is a female, oftenly referred to as mother or mama Etna.

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Etna is the most active volcano in the world and its last eruption was last december. For locals, this vulcano is a female, oftenly referred to as mother or mama Etna.

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After learning so much during the morning, we went to have lunch in the city of Catania in a kind of cafe! Most of us ate one of the most typical Italian foods, pizza.

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After learning so much during the morning, we went to have lunch in the city of Catania in a kind of cafe! Most of us ate one of the most typical Italian foods, pizza.

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During the afternoon, we went to visit one if the most famous cities in Sicily, Siracusa. 

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During the afternoon, we went to visit one if the most famous cities in Sicily, Siracusa. 

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Your first impression was that Siracusa was very similar to Veneza, with beautiful rivers and boats.

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Your first impression was that Siracusa was very similar to Veneza, with beautiful rivers and boats.

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We saw a lot of beautiful landscapes, like the lake with the most transparent and beautiful water. 

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We saw a lot of beautiful landscapes, like the lake with the most transparent and beautiful water. 