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After World War II, Canada experienced a period of postwar prosperity. After the war, almost half a million war veterans returned to Canada and went back to civilian life. There was a significant growth in suburbs since many people, including these soldiers, were starting families during this time, known as the Baby Boom. This also caused a growth in freeways and transit systems to connect them to each other and other cities. During this time, the United States also began increasing its influence in Canada since much of this growth was dependent on American capital. Canada also began stimulating immigration and and accepted more refugees. This idea of diversity and inclusivity is crucial to the New Canadian identity which, at this time, is shifting away from Britain and becoming independent. Many of the refugees coming into Canada were not British or French, and contributed to Canada's diverse culture and unique identity. This wave of manpower also brought economic growth by boosting the labour supply and increased consumption and investment.

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1957-1959 - Cuban Missile and Cancelation of Avro Arrow during the Cold War

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1957-1959 - Cuban Missile and Cancelation of Avro Arrow during the Cold War

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Canada’s geographic territories were crucial to North American defense. The RCAF and USAF operated in the same command. RCAF was allowed to use American resources, but they did not have control over many decisions. The Cuban missile crisis made it closer to a nuclear conflict and Canada closer integrated with the Americans. However, Canada did not simply follow America’s command while making its own decision to preserve autonomy in the air defense. The cancellation of Avro Arrow was significant to Canada as a nation due to the change in defense priorities. As a middle power, Canada navigated the nuclear debate. It reflected change as Canada and the US combined for an air defense system. The historical perspective was that Canadians were patriotic about the Avro Arrow and were disappointed by the cancellation. They felt they were overdependent on the Americans and had their national identity stripped from them.

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Edwin Howard Armstrong, the inventor of FM radio. 

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From the 1960s - 1990s, radio and television played an essential role in the lives of Canadians. In 1960, radios experienced a major development and FM radio began to rise in popularity. Edwin Armstrong was the inventor of FM radios and it was introduced starting in 1933. In the 1960s, these radios grew in popularity. FM radios had better sound quality, with less static and interfering sounds. At the time, radio was one of the most common forms of entertainment. FM radios broadcasted serious music, drama, documentaries and arts and culture. There were also many national broadcasting stations, such as CBC, which helped build national identity and culture. FM radios also played a role in keeping citizens informed about politics, political parties and candidates.

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The Baby Boom was an era of abnormally high birth rates which took place in Canada after the Second World War. This was due to economic improvements and social trends towards larger families. Many couples had postponed their marriage and having children due to the Depression and uncertainty of the wartime period. Additionally, there was a trend of couples marrying at a younger age and having children early. Due to the combination of these factors, the rate of babies being born rose drastically from 20.1 per 1000 women in 1937 to 27 per 1000 in 1959. This population altered Canada’s demographic and started a boom in housing, schools, and shopping centers because of the large increase in children. Baby boomers caused a swell in the demographic and years after the boom, this population is still impacting society as they reach retirement age. Once Baby Boomers retire, there will be a large role that must be filled in the workforce, many of which require specialized skills. However, due to their relatively large population, there will not be enough new workers to take their jobs which will impact the economy. Additionally, as the demographic ages the government must change as well and focus more on healthcare and pensions. Whether in the 1960s, or years later, the Baby Boomers are bound to have an undeniable impact on society.

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Color television was another major development which occurred in 1966. This was the year when the first color television signals were sent by a Canadian station. However, during this time there were only around 50,000 color televisions in Canada and 5 million black and white ones. Color televisions only became mainstream and accessible years later in the 1980s. Canada had many national broadcasting stations which contributed to its national identity and building of Canadian culture. TV service providers also played a central role in informing citizens' politics, keeping them informed for voting day.

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The Official Languages Act made English and French the official languages. It required federal corporations to serve in both languages. Provinces such as New Brunswick and Ontario accepted it, but the Supreme Court had to order Manitoba, an English-speaking province, to comply with the act. This act made services accessible to citizens in both English and French. From a Francophone Quebecers’ perspective, this act allowed them to receive services from government institutions in French, and this act brought Canadians closer together through a national identity.

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The FLQ crisis was a political riot in 1970. The Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) attempted to gain independence for Quebec. Minister James Cross was kidnapped, and Premier Pierre Laporte was murdered. As a result, Pierre Trudeau activated the War Measures Act, the only time used while not being in a war. The FLQ movement was led by a socialist separatist group that began after protests about job discrimination against Quebecers that lacked fluency in English. The consequences of the FLQ crisis were public fear and political tension. The War Measures Act limited rights of citizens, and it resulted in the rise of the Parti Québécois, a separatist party. This event was historically significant because it explored the divisions between Quebecers and Canadians.

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Quebec premier Rene Levesque, whose party created Bill 101.

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Bill 101 was the charter of the French language in Quebec that made French the official language for work, school, and business. It made it mandatory for immigrants to take French lessons. The consequence of this act was that it made Quebec a more monolingual society, which built on its identity. If forced, small companies have 25+ employees using French or a common language at the workplace. This has continuity, as Quebec passed Bill 96 recently, reinforcing their identity.

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The Charter of Rights and Freedom was a turning point for women’s rights as it provided the right to equal protection of both genders. Women who were housewives before they started entering the workforce during the 2nd wave of feminism, and feminists advocated for equal pay and maternity leave. This is significant because of the contributions they provide to society, and their equal legal freedom is meant to further equality. The consequence of the shift in their role gave women more freedom in their careers, and a more diverse workforce made Canada’s economy blossom. Gender norms were changed from a historical perspective, and Canada became a more accepting, progressive society. Women’s transformative roles are continuing in the present day, as they are treated more equally now. Moreover, the increased rights and equality women have show that the world is changing, such as the narrowing of the gender pay gap.

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Brian Mulroney’s administration removed government funding, believing that big corporations would provide more jobs with tax cuts. He utilized methods that worked in the US and UK. Mulroney took away FIRA that was limiting US investments. However, the consequence of his actions and policies was that he gave American companies an absurd amount of control of the Canadian economy. He believed in free trade and made Canada open for business. At the end, the plan backfired and a recession occurred. He also introduced GST, which was unpopular amongst the public. The historical significance of Brian Mulroney was although his plan was based on small government which worked well in other countries, unemployment and national debt skyrocketed.

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The Quebec Referendum was an unsuccessful vote, as 50.48% opposed and 49.52% were in favor, which could have separated Quebec from Canada. It was caused by the Parti Québécois winning the provincial election. The “sovereignty bill, also known as Bill 1, declares Quebec as a sovereign country. Those in favour of separating gained momentum when Lucien Bouchard led the campaign. Then Prime Minister Jean Chretien opposed it, but said he would treat Quebec as a distinct society. As a result, all provinces except Quebec recognize Quebec’s uniqueness in the Calgary Declaration (1997), but that all provinces are equal.

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Paul Martin, the finance minister succeeded Jean Chrétien. His tenure as prime minister was brief due to the liberal party’s scandal of misusing funding. During his term, same-sex marriage was legalized. During his time as a finance minister, he was successful in balancing the budget and reducing national debt. Internationally, Martin prioritized peacekeeping and human rights more than his successor, who was more pro-Israel. He also signed the Kelowna Accord that increased social welfare to indigenous people. The consequences of his actions are the increased social benefits Canadians received and Canada’s global character on the world stage.

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2000s-2010s - Stephen Harper was a fiscal conservative and led Canada form 2006-2015. He reduced GST from 7% to 5%. His Economic Action Plan helped many Canadians during the 2008 global financial crisis. The consequence was that Canada suffered the least amongst G7 countries. He also changed the immigrant criteria into financial migrants, which is still happening today. It is significant that he was tough on crime, because crime rate  was low during his tenure. Globally, Canada transitoned away from peacekeeper to more involvement in Afghanistan. They also became more pro-Israel. His historical signficance was that he led a conservative reform in Canada after many years of liberal politics, and shifted the political landscape to the right.