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1. The cow is carefully restrained

– To ensure safety for both the animal and the technician, the cow is carefully restrained in a chute or headlock system.

– This step is crucial to prevent sudden movements during the procedure.

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2. The technician wears protective equipment

– The technician puts on a long plastic glove, usually reaching the shoulder, and prepares the insemination tools.

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3. The vulva is cleaned thorougly

– Using disposable paper towels and a non-irritating disinfectant, the vulva is cleaned to avoid contamination.

– All visible dirt, feces, and debris are removed from the area.

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4. The technician inserts the gloved arm into the rectum

– The technician gently inserts their lubricated gloved arm into the cow’s rectum.

– This allows them to manipulate the reproductive tract from above.

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5. The reproductive tract is located and stabilized

– The uterus and cervix are located through rectal palpation and held in place to guide the insemination gun.

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6. Meanwhile, the semen straw is prepared

– The semen straw is removed from the liquid nitrogen tank using forceps and is placed in a water bath at 35–37°C for about 30–45 seconds.

– Proper thawing is essential to maintain sperm viability.

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7. The AI gun is assembled and loaded

– The technician loads the thawed semen straw into the insemination gun.

– The end of the straw is cut, and a protective sheath is placed over the gun.

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8. The technician inserts the AI gun into the cow’s vagina

– With one hand in the rectum guiding the cervix, the other hand carefully inserts the insemination gun into the vagina.

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9. The gun is gently passed through the cervix

– Using rectal manipulation, the gun is guided through each cervical ring until it reaches the uterine body.

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11. The AI gun is slowly withdrawn

– The technician slowly removes the gun to prevent any injury or semen reflux.

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12. The cow is released and observed

– After the procedure, the cow is released from the chute and monitored for signs of heat return or pregnancy.

– A pregnancy check will be performed approximately 30–45 days later.