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Communication is one of the process information, ideas, thoughts, and feeling between individual or groups. It involves a sender, message, medium and receiver. Effective communication requires both understanding and feedback. There are several types of communication.

verbal (spoken & written)

non-verbal (body language, gestures, facial expression)

visual (symbols, images, charts)

we can communicate with others in many different ways. For example:

intrapersonal communication (talking with our own self)

interpersonal communication (2-3 individuals)

mediated interpersonal communication (using method such as computer, cellphone, smartphone)

small group (2-3+) (to archieve goals)

organizational communication (interactions of individuals in formal working enviroment)

public communication (1 person: speaks to a large number of people)

characteristics of communication

dynamic process (ongoing, transitory, brings change)

symbolic (discreationary and subjective)

systematic

setting

location

occasion

time

number of people

cultural setting

involves making inferences (no direct mind to mind) (head nod)

self-reflective (reflect on their past and present)

has a consequence (all respond affect someone) such as sound and action

complex

definition

situational

dramatic

verbal

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IDENTITY:

1. Identity is socially constructed

socially constructed:

-a concept that exists not in objective reality.

it exists because human agree it exists.

created, reflected and maintained (interactions among people).

CHARACTERISTICS OF IDENTITY.

1. Multifaceted

(people have multiple identities)

2. Social and personal

('i' and 'we' statement)

3. Salience and strength

Salience: the degree to which and identity is prominent or stand out in a given situation.

Strength: the degree of importance of particular identity

4. Fluid and stable.

Social identities take shape according to whom we are talking with and what we are talking about.

5. Avowed and ascribed

Avowal: wish present or how you see yourself

(your admission/ declaration of who really are)

Ascription: assigning in another person what you think his or her identity should be.

(ascribed identities are personal, social or cultural identities that are placed on us by others)

6. Passing and outing

pass: to be in group/hide true identity

the act of passing involves a person living their life as another race than their born identity (different race, an individual transforms their identity).

out: to express one true identity.

7. Performance and expression

Rituals and customs

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE SELF:

1. Self-concept

the way you see yorself

thought about your strengths and weakness

abilities and limitations

aspiration and worldview

two key parts: personal identity and social identity.

awareness and beliefs about your personality, character and values.

2. Self-awareness

The extent to which you know yourself

open self

blind self

hidden self

unknown self

3. Self- esteem

self-evalution of a person about him/her own self

a measure of how valuable you think you are

it is the attitude one holds one one's own self.

PERCEPTION

Which you become aware of objects, events and especially people.

active process of creating meaning by selecting, organizing and interpreting people, objects events, situations, activities.

result both from what exists in the outside world and from your own experiences, desires, needs and wants, loves and hatreds.

INFLUENCES ON PERCEPTION

1. Physiological influences

The senses

Age

Health

Fatigue

Hunger

Biological cycles

2. Psychological influences

Mood, emotion

Self-concept

3. Social influences

Gender roles

Occupational roles

Social location

COMMON TENDENCIES IN PERCEPTION

1. We make snap judgement

2. We cling to first impression

3. We judge ourselves more charitable than we do others

4. We are influenced by our expectations

5. We are influenced by the obivious

6. We assume others are like us

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1. WORDS ARE SYMBOLS

Subset of symbols (alphabets)

emoji also a subset of symbol

no matter what language you speak, you use them according to the thouhghts you associate with those words

2. WORDS ARE ARBITRARY: BUNGA

"arbitrary' part means that relationship between the form (the sounds/words/letters/characters) that we use have no natural/meaningful relationship with their meaning

realtionship (between form and meaning) is said to be arbitrary.

3. WORDS ARE AMBIGOUS

Ambiguity is a word, phrase or statement which contains more than one meaning

lead to vagueness and confusion

shape the basis for instances or unintentional humor.

4. WORDS ARE ABSTRACT

the more specific you get, the more concrete the term becomes.

messages vary in how abstract or concrete their meaning is.

some words are more abstract than others and some are more concrete.

5. WORDS ARE CONNOTATIVE AND DENOTATIVE.

Connotation:

refers to the personal and cultural meanings in addition to their primary, literal meaning of a word.

can be classified as positive/negative

can change according to culture and personal experiences.

Denotation:

refers to the primary, literal meanings or the dictionary meaning of a word.

not thus classified.

remains the same regardless of culture and personal experiences.

6. WORDS ARE CULTURE-BOUND

Culture Bound: limited by or valid only within a particul culture.

May share a mutual understanding of words.

May fail to understand one another (symbols)

Mean different things to us based on our life experiences or frame or references.

THE POWER OF WORDS

Create perceptions

Influence thoughts

Influence actions

Affect and reflect culture

Can critize and praise

Can confirm and disconfirm

Can make and break relationships

ASSERTIVENESS

ability to communicate your needs, feelings, opinions, and beliefs in an open and honest manner without violating the rights of others.

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Nonverbal communication is the process of using messages

Other than words

To convey meaning to others

includes not only gestures and body language but also how we utter words.

THE IMPORTANCE OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Primary way we communicate our feelings and attitudes

more believable than verbal messages

work with verbal messages to create meaning.

help people respond and adapt to others

play a major role in interpersonal communication

PRINCIPLES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

1. Nonververbal messages

Accent

Complement

Contradict

Control

Repeat

Substitute

2. Nonverbal messages help manage impressions

To be likes

To be believed

To excuse failure

To get help

To hide faults

To be followed

To confirm and communicate self-image

3. Nonverbal messages help from relationships

4. Nonverbal messages structure conversation

5. Nonverbal messages influence and deceive

6. Nonverbal messages express emotions

UNDERSTANDING NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION CODES

1. Body movement and posture (KINESICS)

Emblems

Illustrators

Adaptors

2. Eye contact

Functions of eye contact:

cognitive

monitoring

regulatory

Expressive

3. Facial expression

noverbl communication and behavior:

happiness

sadness

anger

fear and surprise

4. Vocal cues/tones

5. Proxemics (space)

6. Territory

7. Touch (Haptics)

shows concern, caring, affection and understanding

8. Appearance

physical appearance: hairstyle, dress sense.

9. Temporal Communication- Chronemics

-past

-present

-Future

HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR SKILL IN INTERPRETING NONVERBAL MESSAGES

1. Look for dimensions of meaning in nonverbal messages.

2. Use effective strategies for interpreting nonverbal messages

3. Be aware of limitations when interpreting nonverbal messages

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WHY LEARN ABOUT LISTENING?

spend so much time listening (important learn to listen well)

effective listening tends to be the least thaught and least understood communication skill

assumed to develop naturally

little attention is given to training individuals to listen effectively

IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING

to acquire oral message from others

this message is vital to the way we function in our everyday lives.

DEFINING LISTENING

other aspects of communication is a process

a process includes much more than just hearing sounds and understanding language.

LISTENING

is a physical and phychological process that involves acquiring, assigning, meaning, and responding to symbolic messages from others.

an active, complex process.

HEARING

is a physiological activity that involves sound waves hitting our ear drums

MINDFULNESS

focus attention on present moment, alertness, care, vigilance, carefulness.

ACTIVE LISTENING

Analysing the listening process:

teh invisible, complex phonomenon we know as listening is more than merely hearing sounds or understanding.

making sense of verbal and non-verbal messages.

THE 5 STEPS PROCESS OF LISTENING

1. RECEIVING

Intentional focus on hearing a speaker's message

(Still only hearing the message)

2. UNDERSTANDING

We attempt to learn the meaning of the message

(To understand what someone says, you must first decode it)

3. REMEMBERING

Improve your memory of a message by processing it meaningfully.

(3 types of memory)

immediate memory

short term

Long term

4. EVALUATING

Judging the value of the message

5. RESPONDING

Sometimes referred to as feedback.

BENEFITS OF EFFECTIVE LISTENING.

Enhances productivity

Improves relations

Avoid conflict

Improves negotiation skills

Improves understanding

Helps you stand out

People will appreciate it

OBSTACLES TO MINDFUL LISTENING

External obstacles

Message overload

Message complexity

Noise

Internal obstacles

Preoccupation

Prejudgement (predisposition, preconception)

Reacting to emotionallly loaded language

Lack of effort

Failure to adapt listening styles

FORMS OF NON-LISTENING:

1. Pseudo-listening

Prentend to listen but is not listening to understand information

2. Monopolizing

When one continues to focus the conversation on themselves instead of listening to another person.

3. Selective listening

Choosing to listen to what is relevant or of interest to him/her and ignore what isn't.

4. Defensive listening

Taking innocent comments as a personal attack

5. Ambushing

Careful and attentive listening so as to collect information that can be used against the other person as an attack

ADAPTING LISTENING TO COMMUNICATION GOALS:

1. Literal listening

2. Listening for pleasure

3. Listening for information

Be mindful

Control obstacles

Ask questions

Use aids to recall

Organise information

4. Listening support others

CHARACTERISTICS OF LISTENING

L: look interested

I: Improve yourself by responding

S: Stay focus

T: Test your understanding

E: Evaluate the message

N: Neutralize your feelings

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT LISTENING

1. Listening and hearing are the same thing.

2. Listening is easy and automatic

3. Listening develops naturally

4. Anyone can listen well if he or she really tries

5. The speaker is primarily for the message and the success of the interaction

6. if that's what i heard, then that's what you said.

7. Attitude and listening are unrelated

8. People remember most of what they hear.

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 LU 6: FOUNDATIONS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 

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 LU 6: FOUNDATIONS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 

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INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP

refer to the connections and interactions between two or more people

ADVANTAGES OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Lessen loneliness

Gain self-knowledge and self-esteem

Enhance physical and emotional health

Maximize pleasures and minimize pains

Secure stimulation (intellectual, physical, emotional)

DISADVANTAGES OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Put in uncomfortable pressure and expose to vulnerabilities.

Increases obligations

Prevent from developing other relationships/ abandon other relationships

Scare of possibilities

Hurt your feelings

RELATIONSHIP STAGES

created and constructed by individuals

single relationshipa and actually contains multiple relationships

developing toward intimacy and dissolution

SIX-STAGES MODEL OF RELATIONSHIP

1. Contact:

Perceptual

Interactional

2. Involment:

Experimenting and testing

Increase time together

3. Intimacy

Commit to establishing a relationship

Social bonding

4. Relationship deterioration

Intrapersonal dissatisfaction

Interpersonal deterioration

5. Repair

Intrapersonal repair

Interpersonal repair

6. Dissolution

-Interpersonal separation

-Social or public separation

Movement in the stages

-Exit arrows

-Vertical arrows

- Self-reflexive arrows

Turning points

- significant events

-positive/negative

- vary culturally

Relationship license

-permissions to break a rule

-Reciprocal or non-reciprocal

-usually implied

TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

1. Friendship relationships

2. Love relationships

3. Family relationships

INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT

1. intimacy

2. Power

3. Personal flaws

4. Personal distance

5. Social

6. Distrust

PRINCIPLES OF INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT

Negative effect

Leads to bad feelings

You close yourself off

Increase costs

Postive effects

Resolves problems

Improves relationships

Demonstrates commitment to the relationship

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

1. Win-lose and win-win strategies

2. Force and talk strategies

3. Face-attacking and face-enhancing strategies: politeness in conflict

4. Verbal Aggressiveness and argumentativeness strategies

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ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION:

Which group of people maintain structure and order through their symbolic interactions and allow individual actors the freedom to acomplish their goals

STRUCTURATION

Process of forming and maintaning structures through verbal and nonverbal communication

established norms and rules governing member's behaviours

WHY SHOULD YOU LEARN ABOUT ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION?

Can ask informed questions about everyday business practices

develop communication skills that improve ability to succeed in the workplace

improve the quality of your work life.

TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS

1. Economic orientation (products/services)

2. Political orientation

(Generate and distribute power and control)

3. Integration orientation

(Mediate and resolve discord)

4. Pattern maintance orientation

(Promote cultural and educational regularity)

CENTRAL FEATURES OF ORGANIZATIONS

1. Types of organizational structures

2. Communication networks

-Formal communication networks

-Informal communication networks

3. Organizational assimilation

3 assimilations into organizational culture

1. Artifacts

2. Espoused values

3. Assumptions and beliefs

COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE IN THE WORKPLACE

1. Immediacy

2. Supportiveness

3. Strategic ambiguity

4. Interaction management

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT SKILSS

AVOIDANCE

COMPETITION

COMPROMISE

ACCOMMODATION

COLLABORATION

THE DARK SIDE OF WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION

Aggresive communication

Verbal aggressiveness

Workplace aggression

Workplace violence

SEXUAL HARRASMENT IN THE WORKPLACE

Sexual harrasment

unwelcome

unsolicited

repeated behaviour of a sexual nature

Quid-pro-quo (this for that)

Hostile work enviroment (workplace conditions that are sexually offensive intimidating or hostile.

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three or more interdepent members working to archieve a common goal

COMPONENTS OF GROUP COMMUNICATION

Members

Interaction

Goals

Working

Interdependence

PURPOSE OF GROUP COMMUNICATION

share and exchange information and ideas

collect information or feedback on any project/policy/scheme

arrive at a decision on important matters

solve a problem which is of concern to the organization as a whole

discuss issues related to a particular topic in relation to the group itself or for the benefit of a larger audience

elaborate upon any work undertaken or research done in order to elicit feeback

INTERACTION IN GROUP COMMUNICATION

Use verbal and nonverbal messages (meanings and establish relationships)

requires interaction

COMMUNICATION PROCESS: BASIC ELEMENTS

members

messages

channels

feedback

context

noise

GROUP ROLES

A role is a pattern of behavior expected of a group member.

(3 types of roles)

1. Task roles

2. Maintenance roles

3. Disruptive or individual agenda roles

Examples of task roles:

leader

initiator

opinion seeker

information giver

Devil's advocate

EXAMPLE OF MAINTENANCE ROLES

supporter

harmonizer

gatekeeper

feeling expresser

EXAMPLE OF DISCRUPTIVE ROLES

stage hog

Isolate

Clown

Blocker

Fighter

Cynic

ADVANTAGES OF WORKING IN GROUPS

group performance

member satisfaction

learning

cultural understanding

creativity

civic engagement

DISADVANTAGES OF WORKING IN GROUPS

time, energy and resources

conflict

people problems

HOW TO SUCCEED IN GROUPS

communicate effectively with culturally diverse members

use language effectively

convey a professional image

resolve group conflict

demonstrate leadership

BALANCE AND GROUP DIALECTICS

Group dialectics

Balancing group dialectics

Individual Goals-Groups goals

Conflict-Cohesion

conforming-Nonconforming

Task dimensions-Social dimensions

Homogenous-Heterogeneous

Leadership- Followership

Structure-Spontaneity

Engaged-Disengaged

Open system-Closed system

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CONFLICT IN THE WORKPLACE IS AN INEVITABLE PART OF ORGANIZATIONAL LIFE

Diverse values

Goals

Personalities intersect

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT CAN:

Enhance problem solving capabilities

Encourage healthy interpersonal relationships

contribute to organizational innovation

CLASSES OF CONFLICTS

Organisational conflict can be classified into two types:

1. Functional (Constructive)

2. Dysfunctional (Destructive)

CONFLICT MYTHS

Myth 1: Conflict is always destructive

Myth 2: Conflict should be avoided at all costs.

Myth 3: Conflict is a result of personal differences

Myth 4: Conflict can be resolved by authority

UNDERSTANDING THE TYPES OF CONFLICT:

1. Task conflict

2. Relationship conflict

3. Process conflict

POWER AND CONFLICT

Refers to the ability of individuals or groups to influence or control teh actions, beliefs, or behaviours of the other individuals or groups.

closely interlinked concepts, particularly in organizational and social contexts.

can shape the nature of conflicts, influence how they are managed and affects the outcomes.

TYPES OF POWER

1. Legitimate power

2. Reward power

3. Coercive power

4. Expert power

5. Referent power

6. Informational power

CONFLICT AND POWER DYNAMICS

1. Power imbalances

2. Power struggles

3. Resistance and compliance

MANAGING CONFLICT WITH POWER CONSIDERATIONS

1. Empowerment

2. Negotiation and mediation

3. Building relationships

4. Transparency

5. Fostering a collaborative culture

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES

1. Avoiding

2. Accommodating

3. Competing

4. Compromising

5. Collaborating

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT SKILLS

1. Active listening

2. Empathy

3. Effective comunication

4. Impartiality and neutrality

5. Problem solving

6. Negotiation

7. Stress management

8. Patience

9. Conflict De-escalation

10. Asserteness

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SOCIAL MEDIA

Refers to online tools and services which allow an exchange of ideas, information, videos, pictures and graphics

allow users to create, share and interact with content

enable real-time communication and networking

used for personal, proffesional, educational and commercial purposes

TYPES OF SOCIAL MEDIA

1. Social networking sites

2. Media Sharing Networks

DISADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL MEDIA

1. Privacy problems

2. Changes lifestyle habits, and it is sleep disruption

3. Lacks emotional connection

4. Reduces family intimacy

POSITIVE IMPACTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA

Connection and communication

Information & Awareness

1. Social networking sites

Example: Facebook, LinkedIn

2. Media sharing networks

Example: Instagram, Youtube, TikTok Pinterest

3. Messaging and communication Apps

Example: Whatsapp, Messenger and Telegram

4. Blogging and Publishing Platforms

Example: WordPress, Medium, Tumblr

5. Others: Include discussion forums (Reddit, Quora)

ADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL MEDIA

1. Educational process

2. Worldwide connectivity

3. online marketing

4. Information spreads fast

5. share anything with others

6. helps to achieve your goals