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You will use your knowledge of the agrarian societies to figure out how agriculture led to the first agrarian civilizations. It’s important for you to begin to formulate explanations for why cities and states emerged not long after agriculture was adopted in certain areas.

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You will use your knowledge of the agrarian societies to figure out how agriculture led to the first agrarian civilizations. It’s important for you to begin to formulate explanations for why cities and states emerged not long after agriculture was adopted in certain areas.

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1. 0:55 Why does David Christian claim that increasing complexity depends on agriculture?

2. 2:00 What was the “secondary products revolution” and why was it so important to the spread of agriculture and the growth of cities and states?

3. 3:34 What is an agrarian civilization?

4. 3:50 Where did the first agrarian societies develop?

5. 5:02 Why does David Christian say that "surpluses" are the key to cities?

6. 5:30 Why does Christian argue that cities needed a "coordinating mechanism"?

7. 7:22 What are the characteristics that all agrarian civilizations share?

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1-Complexity increases as population increases and as food is a necessity, there needs to be more food. And that’s why complexity is dependent on agriculture or farming

2-People started using products from animals like milk or fur instead of meat that can only be produced if you kill those animals.

3-As agriculture becomes more complex and much more productive, societies started to become more complex, those societies are called agrarian societies.

4-In Mesopotamia, and in the Nile valley at about the same time.

5-Surpluses are important as it means that not everyone had to be a farmer.

6-As individuals got dependent on each other, some kind of co-operating device was needed.

7-They all had big cities, those cities had monumental architecture, they had rulers, tax systems, armies, and a large population of peasants.

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Where and Why Did the First Cities and States Form? | Big History Project

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1. Why does David Christian claim that increasing complexity depends on agriculture?
- Agriculture and population growth are accompanied by a rise in complexity. The complexity of collective knowledge rises as the number of participants does.

2. What was the “secondary products revolution” and why was it so important to the spread of agriculture and the growth of cities and states?
- The "Secondary Products Revolution" (SPR), which began in the Near East in the fourth millennium BCE and later diffused to Europe, substantially altered the economic foundations of prehistoric and protohistoric communities there.

3. What is an agrarian civilisation?
- Civilisations that depended on farming around them.

4. Where did the first agrarian societies develop?
- It first developed Mesopotamia, in Egypt and Nubia (now northern Sudan) and in the Indus Valley.

5. Why does David Christian say that "surpluses" are the key to cities?
- Some workers were able to concentrate on other jobs because to the excess food production.

6. Why does Christian argue that cities needed a "coordinating mechanism"?
- They needed it because it was the leaders and it kept the villagers alive.

7. What are the characteristics that all agrarian civilizations share?
- Its key characteristic is that the economy, wealth and society in general is centered primarily on agriculture. Human and animal labor are the primary tools employed for agricultural production. Agrarian societies employ a division of labor with members specializing in specific tasks.

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1. As an agrarian society is based on agriculture, there is increasing complexity whenever populations increase. To support larger populations you need to get resources from another area, particularly more food resources. They began to develop more productive and new ways of farming.

2. The secondary product revolution was the concept of using animals and other items for more than one use. For example, we could only use the meat and skin of an animal after it was slaughtered, as humanity progressed, we began to use the animals for additional purposes of its fur and milk which we were able to use while it was alive. Some communities used animals to farmlands that humans weren't able to farm with hand-held 🤬. Since the Ox was able to generate 10x more energy than a human could, they were used as farming support. This meant that they could cover more area for agriculture in less time than a human could. This eventually led to the growth of agriculture. This made it possible for pastoral nomads to settle the arid-steppe lands of Eurasia traveling nomadically with their heads of livestock. This helped the growth of cities and states.

3. As farming technologies became more complex and evolved. This allowed the creation of more complex and populous societies, also known as Agrarian civilizations.

4. The first agrarian civilizations developed in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley in the year 3200 BCE.

5. He says this as it meant that everyone's job was not to be a farmer. It meant that there could be other occupations, too. These other jobs could be potters, soldiers, priests, etc.

6. People were completely dependent on each other that they needed some sort of coordinating mechanism. They needed someone to control everything. Potters needed markets to sell their items and soldiers needed governments to hire them. Everyone needed someone to organize all of these increasingly complex relationships. In response to these needs, a class of power brokers appeared. They began to take on the role of coordinating society. But as they began more powerful and had more resources. Eventually, they began to hire paid enforces who could impose their will by force. This is the first form of government.

7. They all had huge cities and amazing architecture, they had rulers, hierarchies, tax systems, armies, and a large population of peasants.

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1. the more the population grows the more the complexity increases as when the population grows, more food is needed and that's when farming comes in. since the population grew, so did the farmers

2. when the population grew, there were more farmers and there was a revolution in technology

3. when farming technologies became more complex and advanced, this allowed bigger societies to form. which is agarian civilisations

4. the agarian civilisations were first developed in mesopotamia

5. according to david christian, surpluses were the key as not everyone had to be a farmer anymore . surpluses also enabled people to focus on other occupations

6. as induvisuals got so dependant on eachother, a co-ordinating mechanism became nesscary

7. all of the agarian civilisation did have lots of differences, but the characteristics they shared were the architecture, tax systems, hierarchy, having rulers, armies, and peasant farmers.

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When farming methods were complex larger societies arose . It first happened in Mesopotamia and south of Fertile Crescent , also along Nile valley. As farming became more productively larger villages arose and eventually cities and towns

In Lands between the Tigris and Euphrates , Irrigation systems emerged that produced huge crops and large populations

Then 5000 years ago in the south of Mesopotamia in region called Sumer the first cities emerged . They had population of 50,000, Had wall garderns, fortifications , temples, palaces and even maps. So turns out the real key to the cities is the farmers who only tried to feed themselves

Soon when farming became more complex specialist began to appear. Then humans started to be dependent on each other like they farmers to give them food, potters to make vases and etc.

This how the first cities and civilisations appeared

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1. He had mentioned how the key to understand agraian society is increasing complexity, complexity increase as populations increase resources increases especially food and that is when farming comes.
2. secondary products revolution was when farmers began to develop with technology and animals to make more resources in order to help the population increase and continued to farm in places that they couldn't.
3. As farming technology became more complex and productive, it eventually allowed creations of larger, complex and populated society all together.
4. This happened first in Mesopotamia in south of Fertile crescent and nile valley.
5. It is the key to farming as it wasnt needed for everyone to be a farmer   it became more evolved.
6. Each type of job needs a place where they can do what they can do.
7. They had big cities, architectures, ruler and hierarchy, systems.

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The first cities appeared along the Tigress and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia and also near river Nile.
Agrarian societies started of as small farming villages.As the farmers began developing productive technology, the produce maximised.Along with that ,the population also grew.The villages complexed and became cities,states and civilisations.

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1. The complexity increases as the population increases

2. The secondary products revolution was important as it helped farmer use better technology to farm more efficiently there for more food and a increase of population

3. As the farming systems and technology became more complex therefore thy were able to increase population and grow letting agrarian society to grow

4. The first agrarian civilisations grew in Mesopotamia and even along the Nile valley

5. He means to say that with the farmers only needed to be limited that allowed new jobs to form like potters,soldiers and more therefore allowing them to grow further

6. He means to say that the people started to be more dependent on each other so they needed a system in place

7. They had many similarities like the Architecture, rulers and hierarchies, tax

8. systems, armies and peasant farmers

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1 David Christen told that the agrarian civilisations is increasing the complexity because because. Complexity is basically an increase is a population increase where for supporting larger population we need to get more resources from a given area.
2 A secondary product revolution is a communities which has began for like 6,000 years ago so that they can find more productive ways of using their domestic animals. The animals are used for  meat  and becomes a product.
3 An argian civilisation is basically a farming technologies became more complex and became productive.
4

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1. Increasing complexity is because of more food demand. And you need to farm for food.

2. Using domestic animals for products they develop when they’re still alive

3. Agrarian societies have more complex faming and they are one of the more complex societies of their time.

4. In Mesopotamia.

5. This is because not everyone had to be a farmer and they could specialise in different things become more efficient and evolve more

6. Because each type of job/specialisation needed a place where they can do what they do.

7. They all had huge cities, they had rulers, hierarchies, tax systems, armies, large population of peasants, and writing.

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1- Agricultural societies are founded on farming. As populations grow, the need for more resources increases and becomes more complex. To sustain this growth, societies develop new and improved farming techniques, often requiring them to o particularly obtain resources from other locations.

2-  There were more farmers and a technological revolution as the population rose.

3- Agrarian societies grew as a result of the complexity of farming techniques and technology which allowed for population growth.

4- South of the Fertile Crescent, in the Mesopotamian region. That is where we began.

5- This is because not everyone had to be a farmer and they may specialise in other fields to increase their efficiency and evolve.

6- Every profession requires a location where they may do their duties.

7- They all possessed impressive cities and architecture, kings, social strata, taxation, armies, and sizable populations of peasants.

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1. Complexity of agriculture increases if population increases
2. Because of population and agriculture for food. Get farming tech too.
3. Agrarian societies have agriculture. They are completely dependent on agriculture
4. In the Mesopotamia in the land of south of the Fertile Crescent. that's where is started.
5.surplus food production allowed some people to focus on other occupation
6. People got so dependent on each other that they began to get some sort of coordinating mechanism.
7. All of them had pretty big cities. Architecture , ruler and hierarchy , armies tax, systems, Armies and present farmers

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Read the document - Introduction to Agrarian societies.  In pairs, you will discuss - what are Agrarian societies and identify the EIGHT CHARACTERISTICS of Agrarian civilizations. 

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Read the document - Introduction to Agrarian societies.  In pairs, you will discuss - what are Agrarian societies and identify the EIGHT CHARACTERISTICS of Agrarian civilizations. 

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Though each agrarian society differs from the other, they have certain common characteristics. They were highly populated and were controlled by a class of society that was rich and favoured some common characteristics of the society were as given below :

Great monuments like temples and pyramids were made for the people.

Mail became more dominant and women were not treated with equality. Women’s role in tradition was reduced..

They all had provisions for storage of surplus food.
the land needs to be fertile for farming so food can be grown.

there was monarchy of some sort

most societies end in war

there were some specialized jobs for different people

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1) Land ownership is uneven. There are landlord, cultivators and share croppers or landless baboureres.

2) They were all equipped to store surplus and extra food

3) Few areas of the earth did not grow full-brown cities or states early on

4) In sub-saharan africa, people were separated from the northern coast by the harsh desert

5) They also had increased trade.

6) Armies and increased warfare were a part of the agrarian society

7) Some people had specialised jobs by the king

8) They had more inequality between men and women, male - Dominated traditions.

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• Development of a priestly class; a state religion based on gods/goddesses
• Central rule (such as a king, pharaoh, or emperor)
• Specialised jobs
• Social rank based on wealth, ancestry, and job
• Increased trade
• Systems of writing or recording information; increased collective learning
• Armies and increased warfare
• Monumental public architecture (temples, pyramids)

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-Dense population
-Controlled by elites
-Usaully developed near fertile river valley areas
-They grew lentils,chickpeas and barley
-They herded sheep and goats
-The civilisations started out with simple farming and became more complex as production increased
-Storage of surplus food
-Centeral rule

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Earliest societies developed in fertile river vallies

Had specialised jobs

Men were more dominant

The first agrarian societies began to develop about 3300 BCE

Followed absolute

each society had a different food or plant

Everyone’s rank based on their wealth, ancestors and job

Trade was at a high point

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agarian societies

1. leaders
2. increased trade
3. monumental public architecture
4. most early societies engaged in warfare
5. city, slot & societies were there in agarian societies
6. agarian societies were controlled by elite most of the time
7. agarian societies were developed in fertilr river valleys
8. in agarian societies climate was changing  dramatically
9. because of food people became closer

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Though each agrarian society differs from the other, they have certain common characteristics. They were highly populated and were controlled by a class of society that was rich and favoured some common characteristics of the society were as given below :

Great monuments like temples and pyramids were made for the people.

Mail became more dominant and women were not treated with equality. Women’s role in tradition was reduced..

They all had provisions for storage of surplus food.

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Agrarians is an civilisation which is since 5000 years ago which is a city and a
state and it is also a 3300 BCE and a city means a place there thousands people live and a state means a lot of places and surrounding villages and farms. Agrarians are in places like Mesopotamia, Egypt and Nubia Mesopotamia is now called Irap which is basically between Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The agrarians society has three places in afro- eurasia

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Agrarian societies
I) Agrarian societies first were established near river for eg. Indus and yellow river in china
II)Each society had its own types of plants and sources
III) Storage of surplus food
IV)Central rule ( King , pharaoh etc.)
V) Specialized jobs
VI) Increased trades
VII) Social ranks based on wealth , ancestry and jobs
VIII) Armies and increased welfare

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characteristics of a democratic country/state

1. everyone has the right to vote.
2. respect for human rights
3. freedom of expression, speech, religion and choice.
4. federal rights
5. free, fair and frequent expression
6. right to education
7. they rule within the constitutional law.

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1. In monarchy the government is usually a king or a queen controls the society
2. After the king/queen dies there daughter, son or relatives take over depending on who is older
3. If the leader has no son their relative takes over

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1. during the nazi's time, due to it being autocracy, there was only one ruler that had all the power and privellage
2. the citizens had no freedome especially women whos rules changed once the nazis were elected and the men who were forced to do public labour and join the army.
3.  the citizens were forced to be christian and follow rules that were nazified or made by the ruler
4. the ruler had the power to decide and change what the citizens role was; their jobs and responsibility
5. during the nazi's, forced sterilization was used to crush the area of society that did not conform to the nazis ideal

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characterialles of democraoy.

public has rights to vote

all genders should have equal rights

Respect for human rights

Federal rights

freedom is protected

freedom of speech, expression, religion and choice

uphold democratic principals

people should be happy

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characteristics of democracy:
- public has rights to vote
- all genders should have equal rights
- respect for human rights
- federal right
- freedom is protected
- freedom of speech, expression, religion and choice
- uphold democratic principals
- people should be happy

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1. The leader, only one has all power and control.
2. People or citizen had less freedom example- women whose rules had changed after nazi came.
3. The citizens were forced to follow a certain religion with certain rules accepted by the ruler.
4. The ruler had the power to decide what they can do or what job they had.
5. There was forced sterlization, example when the nazi crushed people who weren't conform to nazi ideal.

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characteristics of democracy

public has rights to votE

all genders should have equal ights respect for equality  rights

Respect for human rights

federal right

Freedom’s  protected

freedom of speech, expression, region and choice

uphold democratic principals

people should be happy

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Individuals show loyalty to the crown

Upper classes are dominated by the rulers

Monarch claims divine right

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1. In monarchy The king or queen is usually is the leader

2. After the king/queen dies there daughter and son take over depending on who is elder

4. While monarchy the king or queen its the leader the ability to make laws lies with the prime minister

5. The head of the monarchy is not strictly ceremonial

6. The election of the prime minister , the ability to grant pardons, capacity to handle foreign relations, the ability to proclaim laws all lies in the hands of monarch

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Characteristics of an autocracy:

-There is one leader who rose to power because of their ideology’s.
-Their ideology’s are forced by the leader to citizens.
-Citizens may not have much freedom to citizens and to those who don’t conform to the leader’s ideologys.
-The leader has all power over the society.

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1 ruler that has all the power n
No freedom to citizens -especialy women
Citizens were foced to folow the rules of beten ot arested

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1. If the current monarchy falls then the son of the monarchy.
2. If the monarchy has no son it would go to a relative
3. The king or queen controls almost all parts of the government.