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Australians are known for our laid back, informal but friendly nature. We highly value our family and friendships and are known to be very compassionate and care for those around us.

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The Prevention Centre. (2021). News: National Preventive Health Strategy launched. The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre. https://preventioncentre.org.au

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Health to me means being physically, mentally, and socially well. This includes staying active and eating healthy, free from any illnesses or disease, being able to cope with change, keeping a well-balanced social/work/study life and being able to do things I enjoy such as seeing my friends and family.

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After reading the three standards in domain 7, one that resonated with me the most was 12.1 "Clinicians develop and maintain an awareness of their own culture, beliefs values and biases, and their impact on the clinician’s interactions in healthcare settings". It stood out to me as it made me think about how different Australian culture is compared to the rest of the world. For example, people from a Chinese background prefer traditional Chinese medicine, whereas Australians prefer modern western medicine. Knowing this now, I've realised how people of Chinese backgrounds might feel receiving care in a hospital. As a nurse it is my job to make them feel comfortable while providing the best possible health care. If a patient wanted to receive traditional health care and refused to have western medicine, I would provide them with the care they want. If their methods are not working and the patients' health is declining, I would mention that they should try western medicine that way I am respecting their beliefs and values while trying to provide health care that works for them and their individual needs.

Migrant & Refugee Women's Health Partnership. (2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds. https://moodleprod.murdoch.edu.au/pluginfile.php/3573073/mod_resource/content/1/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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Australia has a population of 26,473,055 people, of this, 78.6% of people have at least one chronic health condition (Australian Bureau Of Statistics, 2022).
The most common health condition in 2022 was coronary heart disease (Australian Institute of health and Welfare, 2022).

Australian Bureau Of Statistics. (2022). Health Conditions and Risks: Health Conditions Prevalence. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks#:~:text=Self%2Dassessed%20health%20status,in%20fair%20or%20poor%20health.

Australian Institute of health and Welfare. (2022). Australian Burden of Disease Study 2022: Males and Females Experience Disease Burden Differently. Australian Government. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/burden-of-disease/australian-burden-of-disease-study-2022/contents/summary#

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The 2021 census stated that there are over 300 languages spoken in Australia, English is the most common with 72% of people speaking the language. Mandarin is spoken by 2.7% of people followed by Arabic with 1.4% (Linguistico, 2022).

Linguistico. (2022). Most common Languages in Australia 2022: Top languages Australia. Smart Translations. https://www.linguistico.com.au/most-common-languages-in-australia-2022/

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What are the most common languages in Australia and how can this information benefit your business in 2022? Read more to discover these today.

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New migrants and refugees in Australia face countless challenges and can be affected by many social determinants. Three social determinants that impact migrants and refugees in Australia is education, unemployment and job insecurity, and social inclusion and non-discrimination.

Education: If you're coming to Australia from a country where English is not spoken, it will be very difficult to learn a new language. While it would be slightly easier to learn the language for a child still in school, it could be incredibly hard for an adult to learn with no support from those around them. A child in school having to learn a new language would set them back in many areas of their education such as maths and science, not just English.

Unemployment and job insecurity: Unemployment causes many flow on complications for example, without a job you can't have money and without money you may struggle to buy food or to find a home. As it is a mandatory requirement for a large majority of jobs in Australia to have a tax file number, finding work can be difficult for migrants and refugees. Obtaining a tax file number is a nuisance of a process due to waiting times, delays, and application requirements. If one does manage to find a job that does not require a tax file number, there's a very high chance of job insecurity and minimal pay (Australian Taxation Office, 2020).

Social inclusion and non-discrimination: Being a migrant or refugee, social exclusion and discrimination can be an everyday issue that takes a huge effect on the individual's mental health (American Psychological Association, 2022). Whether a person is discriminated publicly in the street, ignored in a restaurant or being treated like they are less intelligent can all negatively affect a person. Social inclusion may be difficult because of language barriers, cultural differences, and discrimination.

American Psychological Association. (2022). Discrimination: What it is and how to cope. https://www.apa.org/topics/racism-bias-discrimination/types-stress#:~:text=Being%20the%20target%20of%20discrimination,with%20your%20body%20before%20reacting.

Australian Taxation Office. (2020). Tax file number (TFN)
declarations: When a TFN has not been provided. Australian Government. https://www.ato.gov.au/Rates/Fortnightly-tax-table/?page=2#:~:text=When%20a%20TFN%20has%20not,exemption%20from%20quoting%20their%20TFN

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Health Issues that may be present in refugees 

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Health Issues that may be present in refugees 

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Ethiopia is the 10th largest country in Africa and is one of the least developed countries in the world (BMZ, 2023). As stated by the (Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide, 2023)., Malaria, Schistosomiasis and HIV/AIDS are Ethiopia's 3 main health issues that migrants may present with when entering Australia.

Malaria: Malaria is a deadly disease caused by parasites. It is transmitted to people from the bite of an infected mosquito (World Health Organisation, 2023). The treatment for Malaria is artemisinin-based combination therapy and can be administered orally, intramuscularly or as a suppository (World Health Organisation, 2023).

Schistosomiasis: Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by parasitic worms found in fresh water. It spreads when the contaminated parasite penetrates the skin of a person (World Health Organisation, 2023). Praziquantel can be taken to treat all forms of Schistosomiasis but doesn't stop reinfection (World Health Organisation, 2023).

HIV/AIDS: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is an incurable virus that attacks a person's immune system. Without medication it can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) which may be life-threatening (Centers for disease control and prevention, 2022). While HIV is incurable, it can be managed with antiretroviral therapy and should be taken regardless of how long a person has had the disease (Centers for disease control and prevention, 2022).

Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide. (2023). Country-specific recommendations for malaria and schistosomiasis. APNA. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/malaria-schistosomiasis-and-hep-c-screening/

BMZ. (2023). Ethiopia: A country facing big challenges. Federal Ministry For Economic Cooperation and Development. https://www.bmz.de/en/countries/ethiopia#:~:text=Ethiopia%20is%20one%20of%20the%20world%27s%20least%20developed%20countries.

Centers for disease control and prevention. (2022). About HIV: What is HIV. Saving lives protecting people. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html#:~:text=HIV%20(human%20immunodeficiency%20virus)%20is,they%20have%20it%20for%20life.

Centers for disease control and prevention. (2022). Living with HIV: HIV treatment. Saving lives protecting people. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/livingwithhiv/treatment.html#:~:text=HIV%20treatment%20(antiretroviral%20therapy%20or,control%20it%20with%20HIV%20treatment.

World Health Organisation. (2023). Malaria: Treatment. https://www.who.int/health-topics/malaria#tab=tab_3

World Health Organisation. (2023). Malaria: Overview. https://www.who.int/health-topics/malaria#tab=tab_1

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Main attractions in Australia:
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden
- Mataranka Thermal Springs (AGFG, 2023).
- The Great Barrier Reef (Lily Kerley, 2023).
- Melbourne Zoo (Victoria, n.d.).
- Australian Parliament House (Trip Advisor, 2023).

AGFG. (2023). NT Attractions: The 20 best NT attractions. Australian Good Food Guide. https://www.agfg.com.au/attractions/nt

Lily Kerley. (2023). The natural 7 wonders of Australia: What are Australia's 7 wonders? East Coast Tours. https://eastcoasttours.com.au/article/the-7-natural-wonders-of-australia

Trip Advisor. (2023). Things to do in Australian Capital Territory: Top attractions in Australian Capital Territory. https://www.tripadvisor.com.au/Attractions-g255056-Activities-Australian_Capital_Territory.html

Victoria. (n.d.) See and do: Top attractions. Visit Victoria https://www.visitvictoria.com/see-and-do/top-attractions

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While many Australian foods are delicious like Lamingtons and Tim Tams, they don't meet the 5 Australian dietary guidelines listed by ( Eat for Health, 2016).

Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the 5 food groups every day.

Drink plenty of water.

Limit the amount of food you eat that contains saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.

Protect, support and promote breastfeeding.

Be food safety aware.

Eat for Health. (2016). The Guide Lines: Australian dietary guidelines 1 - 5. Australian Government. https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/guidelines/australian-dietary-guidelines-1-5

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Jenke, T. (2017). Some of your favourite musos are playing footy anthems tonight. The Brag. https://tonedeaf.thebrag.com/favourite-musos-footy-anthems/

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Football or as we commonly know it, Footy, is one of Australia's most popular sports. A large percentage of our population play the sport and an even higher percentage follow and watch the sport. Footy is the most watched sport in Australia (Wood, 2023).

Wood, R. (2023) Most Popular Sports in Australia: Aussie rules and the most popular sport to watch. Top end Sports. https://www.topendsports.com/world/lists/popular-sport/countries/australia.htm#