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Forte Apache was one of the most popular and wanted toys in the 80s for children in Brazil. It was released by the Brazillian toys brand Gulliver, from Caetano do Sul (SP). The CEO Mariano Lavin Ortiz took inspiration for the company's name from Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels. The toy recreates an "invasion" of an indigenous group into an American fort.

This kind of toy can also make us reflect on what we've been discussing so far, about the invasion and establishment of a foreign on an unknown land. We can think that the "invaders" of the fort were resisting white men who left their seeds of colonialism. But in the 80s, did people thought like that?

https://www.noticiadamanha.com.br/2023/12/02/noticias/gulliver/

https://www.toymania.com.br/forte-apache-batalha-de-luxo---gulliver/p

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Ghibli Studio's, Laputa: Castle in the Sky

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Ghibli Studio's, Laputa: Castle in the Sky

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CRUNCHYROLL STORE AUSTRALIA. Laputa: Castle in the Sky - Official Trailer. Youtube, sebtember 17, 2014.

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Laputa: Castle in the Sky - Official Trailer

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Known as Ghibli Studio's first movie, Laputa also became an inspiring classic, but in the steampunk genre which inspired other movies and video games. It tells the story of Pazu and Sheeta who try to protect a magical crystal from an authoritarian military regime while seeking a floating island full of treasures.

WIKIPEDIA. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, 2023. O Castelo no Céu. Available at: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Castelo_no_C%C3%A9u. Accessed February 8, 2024.

STUDIO GHIBLI BRASIL. Studio Ghibli, s/a. Main Page. Available at: https://studioghibli.com.br/filmografia/o-castelo-no-ceu/. Accessed February 8, 2024.

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Gulliver's Travels influence in pop culture

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Gulliver's Travels influence in pop culture

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The story begins with Gulliver being abandoned on the island of Lilliput and encountering a society of tiny people who live in constant fights over petty everyday things and concerns. To survive, Gulliver must participate in their foolish court intrigues and futile feuds.

GULLIVER in Lilliput. Direção: Andrew Burt. Produção: Lillian Polan. Reino Unido : Barry Lets, 1982. (1,47), son. color.

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Los viajes de Gulliver. Direção: Cruz Delgado. Produção: Gustavo Alcades. Espanha: Estúdios Cruz Delgado, 1982. (1,20), Mono, son. color.

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The animated film is Spanish and was directed by Cruz Delgado. The film's script was based on the second part, the journey that took Gulliver to Brobdingnag, the land of giants.

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In this adaptation, Gulliver makes his travels accompanied by his assistant, a boy, a couple of Lilliputians and his teenage daughter. In one of the episodes, the group faces a storm so strong that it lifts the ship and takes it to the floating island of Laputa.

Saban’s Gulliver’s Travels. Anick Alane, Cristian Alers, Sonja Ball. Saban Entertainment.[ 30 min] 1992. Color. 1.33 Stereo.

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Série completa Gulliver’s Travels [Seriado]. Direção: Terry McDonough. Produção: Vince Gilligan. Estados Unidos: Sony Pictures Television, 1996. 5 DVDs (9868 horas), son., color.

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In this version, Dr. Gulliver returned to his wife and children after a long absence. The action alternates between memories of his travels and the present, where he is telling the story of his travels and being committed to an insane asylum (the flashbacks and incarceration in the insane asylum are not in the novel). While the miniseries remains somewhat faithful to the novel, the ending was changed to have a more optimistic conclusion.

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Indian production that focuses on Lilliput, where Gulliver tries to resolve the conflict between Lilliputians and the inhabitants of Blefuscu. The story features a wizard who tries to dominate the island.

The Gulliver’s Travels. director: Anita Undep. India. 2005- 1 DVD

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Some of The Gulliver’s Travels last adaptations on TV

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Some of The Gulliver’s Travels last adaptations on TV

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AS VIAGENS DE GULLIVER. Direção: Rob Letterman. Produção: Jack Black, John Davis, Gregory Goodman, Ben Cooley. Estados Unidos: 20th Century Fox, 2010. 1 DVD.

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Gulliver’s Travels, 2010 ( with Jeck Black)

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Gulliver’s Travels, 2010 ( with Jeck Black)

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Gulliver is a mail deliveryman for a newspaper in New York. One day, he receives an offer to write a text about his travels. The editor of the travel section of the newspaper that Gulliver works for, and he loves, sends him to do a story in the Bermuda Triangle, where he will stay for three weeks. Upon arriving there, his boat is damaged by a strong storm, which takes him to the city of Lilliput, where the people are very small.

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Gulliver with the farmer, his wife and his daughter Glumdalclitch. Lithograph after a watercolor by O. Waite from "Gulliver's Travels" (1726) by J. Swift (1667-1745), publ. in 1882.

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Female representation in Gulliver’s Travels

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Female representation in Gulliver’s Travels

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Thinking about how women were represented in the gulliver's travels, there are few scenes with female roles and those are mainly repulsive. Looking more precisely at Brobdingnags, when Gulliver loots at the giant people, it is like he was looking through a magnifying glass, but despite both genres have imperfections, his eyes were getting attention to woman flaws, like huge pores, spots, pimples, hair, etc. He also says that it was hard to be close to women because of their bad smell. When the traveler sees a nurse give suck in front of him, he says “I must confess no object ever disgusted me so much as the sight of her monstrous breast…”. Then, is the author telling “us” something by Gulliver's eyes or is it just the sec. 18 representation of sexism?

UKEssays. (November 2018). Feminist Approach To Gullivers Travels English Literature Essay. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-literature/feminist-approach-to-gullivers-travels-english-literature-essay.php?vref=1

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Gulliver's Travels was not originally intended for children 

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Gulliver's Travels was not originally intended for children 

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Swift wrote that his satiric project in the Travels was built upon a “great foundation of Misanthropy” and that his intention was “to vex the world”, not entertain it. Like many traditional children histories, throghout the time, it got adapted and ended up being a classical story in the children's literature.

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In the book, although the Yahoos are humans in shape and features, they are naturally mischievous and behave like animals. They represent the British mankind. The interesting fact is that Gulliver is extremely repulsed by the Yahoos, refusing to see any kind of similarity between him and them, even though they are basically the same species (human).

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Gulliver's Travels can be interpreted as an Odyssey

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Gulliver's Travels can be interpreted as an Odyssey

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Odyssey meaning by Britannica Dictionary

1 literary : a long journey full of adventures.

2 : a series of experiences that give knowledge or understanding to someone.

We can say that Gulliver's Travels can be defined as an Odyssey, since his long journey of travels and adventures throughout the story, enlights the thoughts and reflexions he develops after them. One example is when he starts to feel disgusted of the Yahoos and want to live as the Houyhnhmns after he gets to their island and understands their way of life.

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John Locke (1623-1704),a fellow British philosopher, offered a mre optimistic view on human nature:as flawed as men were, they were good-natured and prone to justice and solidarity, nonetheless. Laws and liberal government weare benefitial to society but can be overthrown, should the need arise.

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One of the most prominent exponents of Absolutism and one of Britain's most studied philosophers,Thomas Hobbes(1588-1679) discusses human nature in the book Leviathan. According to Hobbes, when left unruled, humans are prone to their more selfish and material instincts. He defends the need of an absolute government to protect the people from themselves.

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Ref.:By Knowledgia Why did the Protestant Reformation Happen? Disponível em: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXYyIBdBubE>. Acesso em 06 fev 2024.

Protestantism in its several forms was one of the key aspects of religious history throughout the Early Modern Era (1500-1800). The aftermath of the individual's need for a more rational and objective interpretation of Christianity, as well as a manifestation of faith more in touch with the needs of the Bourgeoisie, whose desire for social, financial, and political power was seen as sinful by the more conservative section of the Catholic Church. The rise of Anglicanism, Presbyterianism, and Puritanism was the cause of much political and military conflict between the English and the Irish and Scottish peoples. Swift's description of the Lilliputian clashes over trivial and shallow matters may be seen as an allegory to the many casualties and suffering caused by the wars between Catholics and Protestants, who share the same core beliefs despite different views on matters one could see as being of lesser importance.

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Why did the Protestant Reformation Happen?

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In this short video Professor Evan Gottlieb introduces the genre of satire in literature, its different forms and categories, and a few examples of famous satires throughout different centuries.

Ref: By Oregon State University: School of Wiriting, Literature and Film."What is Satire?" A Literary Guide for English Students and Teachers. Disponível em https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=io58hl1Z0TY&t=1s

acesso em 06 fev 2024.

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What is Satire? || Definition & Examples

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What is satire? How can we understand various kinds of literary satires? Learn answers to these questions using examples from a variety of historical and contemporary sources.

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Thinking about the characters that Gulliver encounters during his travels, we can analyze what they represent symbolically. The Lilliputians are tiny, but they have great ambition and a colonialist vision, they may represent the tendency of humans to consider themselves the most important thing in the world, despite their insignificance. The giant Brobdingnagian’s king listens to the stories about society, and then gives his opinion of how disgusting humanity is, and may represent this outsider's view of mankind. The Laputans have incredible ideas that they can never put into practice, they can represent man's desire to achieve incredible things, even without solving the problems present in today's society. The Houyhnhnms and Yahoos are extremely opposite to the real world, which the horse is extremely rational and the human being are irrational and wild, and they can represent a change of perspective about society, human essence and moral.

Image illustrated by Vadim Chelak, 2012.

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If you say "Houyhnhnm" out loud, you'll sound like a horse.

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Gulliver in the kingdom of the Houyhnhnms. Encyclopædia Britannica. Access Date: February 6, 2024.

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In the land of the Houyhnhnms, the sarcastic writing style of Swift can be seen, where horses are more polite, rational, and benevolent than the wild, greedy, and filthy Yahoos, which can be compared to the British. This becomes clear when Lemuel Gulliver returns to England and is disgusted by humans (in Swift's point of view, the British) who rather live with horses than with his family.

The Houyhnhnms kingdom, which doesn't have a name, can be linked with Thomas More's Utopia. In both books, the authors describe a perfect society that lives in harmony without the British influence. As we have seen in More's book and historical context, he had many things against the society of his time.

QUINTANA, Ricardo , Cregan-Reid, Vybarr and Bauer, Pat. "Gulliver’s Travels". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Dec. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gullivers-Travels. Accessed 7 February 2024.

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Like many of the literature authors in the XV - XVI centuries, Daniel Defoe had many debts. He was sent to prison by owing 700 pounds and paid part of the sentence in the Pillory.

Grupo Autêntica. grupoautentica.com.br/autentica/autor/daniel-defoe/1815#:~:text=Em%201692%2C%20Defoe%20foi%20preso,financeiras%20nem%20sempre%20eram%20honestas. Acessed January 31, 2024.

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Daniel Defoe in the Pillory Photo by Stock Montage/Getty Images. Unknown author.

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In this cartoon movie trailer, we have the animals of the island representing the role of Friday in the original story. The friendly animals were the first inhabitants of the island and ruled the land, but when Crusoé arrived they became friends and the animals decided to help him.

This re-imagination of the novel brings the main ideas of the original plot. The human Robinson Crusoé representing the Europeans and the animals that lived a wild life full of threats are the subordinated Friday.

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Notice that in the Brazillian Portuguese translation of the movie, the parrot's name is "Terça-feira", Tuesday. In the original version is Mak. This is one of the only references to the original story but in a different language. You can watch the original trailer here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNCjU9VEuNc

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映画カルチュア FilmIsNow Japan. As aventuras de Robinson Crusoé | Trailer Oficial Dublado [HD] . Youtube. june 9, 2016. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rakWk-zVmB4 .

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As aventuras de Robinson Crusoé | Trailer Oficial Dublado [HD]

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BUENO, Eduardo Bueno. Buenas Ideias. ROBINSON CRUSOÉ - EDUARDO BUENO. Youtube, 30 de mai. de 2018. Disponível em: https:/ /www . youtube .c om/watch?v=Johr PtuL60Y.

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Due to the content of the novel, we cannot see many famous adaptations like some other books we have read so far, such as Beowulf, King Arthur or The Tempest.

The relationship between Friday and Robinson Crusoé and the fact that he became a slave master when got off the island are things that makes hard to adapt into a hero movie.

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When we were searching for the book online, there were a lot of synopsis about the work and they were not even mentioning Friday or the “slavery”. All the descriptions were talking about the story of a Navigator who learns to value work and discovers how to survive alone on an island. The reason could be that people don’t buy this kind of product anymore, so it's needed to hide this information, not because the sellers care about prejudice, but because money comes first. Also the reason there are no new adaptations about Robinsons Crusoe, there would not have audience enough.

Illustration by Alexander Frank Lydon, 1865

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What about Robinson Crusoe's direct adaptations?

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What about Robinson Crusoe's direct adaptations?

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Defoe claimed that Robinson Crusoe was both history and allegory. Insisting that his protagonist was a real person whose experiences he was only relating, Defoe tried his best to make the events in the book seem plausible (however improbable).

From this point, we can affirm that Robinson Crusoé intends to be both real and allegoric; Allegory is the expression of truths or generalizations about human existence by means of symbolic fictional figures and their actions. It encompasses such forms as fable and parable.

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REALISTIC FICTION is a genre consisting of stories that could have actually occurred to people or animals in a believable setting. These stories resemble real life, and fictional characters within these stories react similarly to real people.

Considering Robinson Crusoé, we can affirm that this story is a realistic fiction.

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The medieval period was a time where faith was practiced without questioning, with many believing in superstition and the supernatural. Examples include black cats being a symbol of bad luck and many women being burned alive for being "witches".

The Rennaisance brought about a period of cultural and artistical development. The human body was no longer considered sinful and impure. The Great Navagations meant that Europeans were discovering other cultures and peoples. Anew range of products ranging from spices, fragrances, and fabrics were available.

The Age of Enlightment continued to question past beliefs, and proposed new views on fundamental rights that shaped politics, society, and religion. These are well depicted in the motto of the French Revolution: liberty, equality, and fraternity. There was no longer much space for dogmatic beliefs. The emergence of Protestantism in the form of Anglicanism, Calvinism, and Lutheranism are further proof of the decline in influence and power of Catholicism. Religion and faith became more centered on self-awareness and reason, and the authority of religious and political leaders was contested.

Ref.: LAWLOR, D. The Enlightenment – how the 18th century changed science. Disponível em: <http://www.whatthemicroscopesaw.co.uk/the-enlightenment-how-the-18th-century-changed-science/>. Acesso em: 31 jan. 2024.

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How Crusoe and Friday exchange language? 

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How Crusoe and Friday exchange language? 

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For Robinson, nothing that comes out of Friday has any relevance, not even his name. We can see the work is written in such a way that only what matters is what the colonizer does and thinks, so we don't read a word of Friday's language. Language is used as a form of domination during colonization, in the same way that the author predominates Crusoe's language over Friday's language, so we don't know the native's history, his culture, and other information that is lost because is covered up by Crusoe's informations.

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The Coral Island (1857) by R.M. Ballantyne

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The Coral Island (1857) by R.M. Ballantyne

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 Literature and Movies inspired by Crusoe

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 Literature and Movies inspired by Crusoe

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How the relation between Crusoe and Friday takes place ?

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How the relation between Crusoe and Friday takes place ?

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Friday's relationship with Robinson is  about instant devotion, the way the native puts his head under Robinson's feet represents much more than just gratitude, but rather a matter of race superiority. This is also seen throughout the passage, when Crusoe teaches Friday only what is necessary to be educated and humanized. The description of how Crusoe colonizes a person by gradually changing his name, his language, his religion and his habits, represents very well the colonizing thought of the 18th century, which was seen as a salvation for the non-European people.

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The Glorious Revolution was the last stage of the English Revolution, which established constitutional monarchy in England at the end of the 17th century, in a series of events caused by Enlightenment though. This event marked the end of English absolutism, from then on the King would still exist but with reduced powers, favoring the bourgeoisie and its interests.

HIGA, Carlos César. "Revolução Gloriosa"; Brasil Escola. Disponível em: https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/historiag/revolucao-gloriosa.htm. Acesso em 30 de janeiro de 2024.

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SOUZA, Wanessa de. : O imaginário europeu, as visões sobre o “Novo Mundo” e suas gentes. Disponível em: https://www.fafich.ufmg.br/ . Acesso em: 24 de janeiro de 2024.

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Shakespeare had the mind of a European of its Century to create Caliban. In the XV to XVI Centuries, with the great excursions to the New World, the Europeans thought monsters were living in the lands of "India". Describing and imagining big-foot humanoids, cyclops, and wolf-headed beings was a common mind of the time. This mentality was built by the books of Marco Pollo, for example, whose stories were full of myths.

When the Europeans landed in the "New Land", they discovered that the inhabitants were humans.

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PRIORE, Mary del. Monstros e maravilhas no Brasil Colonial. In: Esquecidos por Deus. Monstros no mundo europeu e ibero-americano (séculos XVI-XVIII). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2000.

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Caliban is shown in the story as an animal, ugly, irrational, that didn't have a language, or anything before he met Prospero and Miranda, and they think he should be pleased to have learned their language, even he was locked in a cave, using his new language only to receive orders and curse them. We can use this short passage of the story to imagine the way Europeans used to think people of the New World were, everything about the way Caliban was described , the way he was tortured by Prospero’s magic as if he was not even human.

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Shakespeare wrote more than 38 plays, which were divided into four phases: The first phase is characterized by texts belonging to the epic and lyrical genre with a humanistic character; the second phase is composed of historical plays and light comedies; the third phase presents the author’s famous tragedies; the fourth and final phase is composed of tragicomedies with mild themes. The plays were usually divided into five acts: The first act presented the initial situation; the second act presented the conflict; the third act presented the climax; the fourth act presented the fall; and the fifth act presented the resolution.

SOUZA, Warley. "William Shakespeare"; Brasil Escola. Disponível em: https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/literatura/william-shakespeare.htm. Acesso em 30 de outubro de 2023.

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Shakespeare's contribution to English is immesuarable. Not only did the The Bard coined several new words such as lonely, he also introduced the process of creating several words by derivation (adding suffixes and prefixes) such as pre-(premeditated),un-(unprizable),-ible,-able(fashionable),-ive(forgetive),-ish(dragonish),-ful(fitful,eventful,...)-less(dauntless), by conversion, i.e, converting nouns to verbs( e.g.torture-to torture) or the other way around (to dress-dress), and by composition (e.g. goer-back, finder-out), among others.

Many new terms incorporated into English during the following centuries benefited from these word-formation models and processes.

Ref: Jovanović, V. Ž. (2006). The Significance of William Shakespeare for the

development of English word-formation. In: K. Rasulić & I. Trbojević (Eds.),

ELLS75: Interfaces and Integrations (pp. 109 – 122). Belgrade:University of Belgrade.

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Several moons of Uranus – although curiously, not the moon named Ariel – are named after characters from Shakespeare’s play.

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Several moons of Uranus – although curiously, not the moon named Ariel – are named after characters from Shakespeare’s play.

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Of the 27 known moons of the planet Uranus, 24 are named after characters from Shakespeare’s plays, and The Tempest provided the inspiration for the names of several of the moons – more than any other play, in fact. Miranda, Caliban, Sycorax, Prospero, Setebos, Stephano, Trinculo, Francisco, and Ferdinand from the play all provide Uranian moons with their names.

Five Fascinating Facts about Shakespeare’s The Tempest. Interesting Literature, 2023. Disponível em: https://interestingliterature.com/2017/01/five-fascinating-facts-about-shakespeares-the-tempest/. Acesso em 31 de outubro de 2023.

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An English movement that sought to popularize theater, taking the works to public and open places, but of course with separate areas for the elite to watch. With the emergence of theater companies fighting for the audience, and the new plays merging various themes such as comedy and tragedy, love and crime, theater has reached new heights in England. One of its main names was William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson.

WORLD HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA. Elizabethan Theatre. Disponível em: https://www.worldhistory.org/Elizabethan_Theatre/. Acesso em: 30 out. 2023.

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What is the difference between tragedy and tragicomedy?
Tragedy is a genre that is defined by its dark and serious tone. Tragicomedy, on the other hand, is a genre that combines elements of both comedy and tragedy.

What is a tragicomedy play?
A tragicomedy play is a type of play that combines elements of both comedy and tragedy.

What are the characteristics of tragicomedy?
The characteristics of tragicomedy include a mix of both light and dark elements, relatable characters, and a focus on the human condition. The technique of blending tragic elements with comic elements employed by Shakespeare makes The Tempest a perfect example of tragicomedy.

Tragicomedy: The Genre of Dark Laughter. Side Splitters, 2023. Disponível em: https://www.sidesplitterscomedy.com/tragicomedy-the-genre-of-dark-laughter/#:~:text=A%20tragicomedy%20play%20is%20a,focus%20on%20the%20human%20condition.. Acesso em 31 de outubro de 2023.

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From 1558 to 1603, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, there was the apex of the English Renaissance that we call the Elizabethan Age, marked by the flourishing of literature and poetry in the country. Other events that were important for the period were the Protestant Reformation established in the country, the exploration and creation of English colonies and the Elizabethan theater, that changed the way popular theater was made.

BRITANNICA. Elizabethan Age. Disponível em: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Elizabethan-Age. Acesso em: 30 out. 2023.

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This video explores yet another possible identity for The Bard of Avon. Based on the German book : "Der wahre Shakespeare: Christopher Marlowe"

By Conrad, Bastian. The only true Shakespeare: Christopher Marlowe. Disponível em:<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7VeQ7OER14> Acesso em 31 out 2023.

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The only true Shakespeare: Christopher Marlowe

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Who really wrote Shakespeare? This video talks about Shakespeare's identity and what is now known of the biography of William "Shakspere" (spelling varies at the time) of Stratford-upon-Avon and Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford.

By Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship Who Really Wrote Shakespeare? Shakespeare Authorship 101. Disponível em: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoEqxVeV_ho>. Acesso em: 30 out. 2023.

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Who Really Wrote Shakespeare? Shakespeare Authorship 101

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A video on Shakespeare's life and legacy

By Perpespective Uncovering Shakespeare’s Mysterious Life (Full Documentary) | Perspective. Disponível em: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5IdmQ7wfHc>. Acesso em 30 out. 2023

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Uncovering Shakespeare’s Mysterious Life (Full Documentary) | Perspective

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A number of now common phrases originated in The Tempest.

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A number of now common phrases originated in The Tempest.

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It’s easy to exaggerate the number of words and phrases Shakespeare coined, but he popularised – and perhaps even originated – the phrases ‘into thin air’ (to describe someone or something vanishing from view), ‘brave new world’ (which Aldous Huxley gratefully took up as the ironic title of his 1932 dystopian novel), ‘in a pickle’, and perhaps even ‘sea change’.

Five Fascinating Facts about Shakespeare’s The Tempest. Interesting Literature, 2023. Disponível em: https://interestingliterature.com/2017/01/five-fascinating-facts-about-shakespeares-the-tempest/. Acesso em 31 de outubro de 2023.

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BURGER, Neil. Divergente [DVD]. Produção: Summit Entertainment, 2014. 1 DVD (139 min), son., color.

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In a futuristic Chicago, people are designed to factions in a dystopian society that hides a lot of secrets.

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ROSS, Gary. Jogos Vorazes [DVD]. Produção: Lionsgate Films, 2012. 1 DVD (142 min), son., color.

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Teens are forced to join in a reality show and fight for their lives, in this North American dystopian story.

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BALL, Wes. Maze Runner: Correr ou Morrer [DVD]. Produção: 20th Century Fox, 2014. 1 DVD (113 min), son., color

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A futuristic dystopian world in which the humans being left, need to survive an alien invasion.

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In the early 2010’s there were a lot of stories about dystopian communities being shown in the movies. These new fantasies and sci-fi lead us to other realities, which we would be able to contrast and critique things in our society.

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The epic Beowulf, narrated in cordel verses. By Marco Haurélio in partnership with Luciano Tasso illustrations.

Available at https://marcohaurelio.blogspot.com/2013/04/a-saga-de-beowulf-em-cordel.html - access in 09/02/2023

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Leonardo da Vinci's painting of a merchant's wife is one of the most well-known works of the Western world, attracting millions of people to visit it every year in the Louvre, France. The portrait of this woman with a shy smile and serene look took 3 years to be created, and centuries later it continues to be extremely famous around the world, referenced and mixed all the time by the media. Everyone has heard about the Mona Lisa.

SILVA, Daniel Neves. "Mona Lisa"; Brasil Escola. Disponível em: https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/artes/mona-lisa.htm. Acesso em 06 de outubro de 2023.

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In the 15th century the caravels were created, in addition to the accumulation of maritime knowledge necessary to start a great movement that changed the world. The great navigations and the discoveries about it released a wave of curiosity and creativity in Europe, because everyone wanted to know what was hiding in these unknown lands.

These new emotions influenced all kinds of art including literature, Of Cannibals talks about the barbarians of a land newly discovered in these trips, Brazil.

SILVA, Daniel Neves. "Grandes Navegações"; Brasil Escola. Disponível em: https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/historiab/grandes-navegacoes.htm. Acesso em 06 de outubro de 2023.

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Released in 2009, the game tells the story of the assassin Ezio, a young initiate into a secret cult created to fight the Templars. The game's story is set in Renaissance Italy and one of the main characters is Leonardo da Vinci, who uses his skills to create items to help Ezio save Europe, though adventures and journeys to other new lands.

Ubisoft( 2009)- Assassins Creed ||.

Disponível em: https://www.ubisoft.com/pt-br/game/assassins-creed/assassins-creed-II?isSso=true&refreshStatus=noLoginData

Acesso em 2 de outubro de 2023.

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Born in the village of Vinci, Italy, Leonardo is considered the face of the renaissance for his insatiable curiosity. He excelled as a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, poet, and musician. Some of his paintings, such as The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa, are some of the most reproduced images in history

He became so famous that before I started studying renaissance I had already heard about him and his creations, and his name was the first thing that came to my mind when I thought about the movement in the class.

TANCREDI, Silvia. "Leonardo da Vinci"; Brasil Escola. Disponível em: https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/biografia/leonardo-vinci.htm. Acesso em 05 de outubro de 2023.

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Bloody Queens Elizabeth and Mary 2016 - BBC Documentary

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Bloody Queens Elizabeth and Mary 2016 - BBC Documentary

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A very interesting documentary by BBC about two queens: Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I, the last of the Tudor dynasty. These women not only left their mark on British and world history, but also changed people's view of monarchs. If there was very little space for female rulers in the past, the "bloody queens" became a prelude, a prologue of what was yet to come in Middle and Late Modern Era.

Ref
ScienceDoc. Bloody Queens Elizabeth and Mary 2016 - BBC Documentary. Disponível em :<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3F8iq7aT4Y> Acesso em 8 out 2023

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Bloody Queens Elizabeth and Mary 2016 - BBC Documentary

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The English Reformation was a gradual process begun by King Henry VIII (1509-1547) and continued, in various ways, by his three children and successors Edward VI (1547-1553), Mary Tudor (1553-1558), and Elizabeth I (1558-1603). Initially, Henry VIII opposed Martin Luther, and composed a treatise to this effect which led Pope Leo X to confer on him the title "defender of the faith." His desire for a male heir, however, led him to change his mind. His first wife, Catherine of Aragon bore him a daughter, Mary Tudor, but no son, and the pope in Rome refused to allow Henry to divorce her. The pope did, however, comply with Henry's request that he appoint Thomas Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury. In 1534, Henry coerced Parliament to enact laws which annulled his first marriage, and declared him the "supreme head" of the Church of England; this constituted a separation of the Church of England from the Church of Rome.

Henry's son and successor, Edward VI worked to consolidate the Reformation. Having succeeded Edward, Mary Tudor, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, sought reunion with the Church of Rome. After her death, however, the Reformation was definitively established under Elizabeth I. Many Christians in England, however, perceived the Church of England as half-hearted in its reforms. Among them were Puritans, Baptists, and Quakers.

Ref.
"The English Reformation"; Missouri State University.
Disponível em: <https://www.missouristate.edu/Reformations/EnglishReformation.htm> Acesso em 09 out 2023

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Sir Thomas More, Defender of the Catholic Church and Patron Saint of Statesmen and Politicans

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Sir Thomas More, Defender of the Catholic Church and Patron Saint of Statesmen and Politicans

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“I die the king’s faithful servant, but God’s first”.

No sentence better summarises a man who dedicated himself to the service of the Crown and was destined to be venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church.

Sir Thomas More lived in Tudor England. He held a variety of roles including lawyer, Chancellor, Member of Parliament and writer. His influence on many of these fields was quite remarkable, particularly his famous text, “Utopia”.

Sadly for More, his life ended in a dramatic and characteristically Tudor fashion when he refused to acknowledge King Henry VIII's divorce as well as the drastic break of the English church from Rome.

A devout defender of the Catholic Church, More felt he could no longer serve as Chancellor to Henry VIII and resigned his position. Unfortunately, this was the beginning of the end for More, who continued to argue against Protestantism and thus was tried and executed in July 1535.

A Catholic figure in England, a country which was embarking on a great change towards Protestantism, More became a Reformation martyr, one of the many casualties, on both sides, who fought and argued for his faith.

In 1935, More’s life was formally recognised by Pope Pius XI when he chose to canonise More. Such is his significance that in the 21st century, Pope John Paul II made him the patron saint of Statesmen and Politicians.

Ref.
BRAIN, Jessica. "Sir Thomas More"; Historic UK. Disponível em: <https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Sir-Thomas-More/>. Acesso em 9 set 2023.

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The Great Chain of Being or scala naturæ is a classical conception of the metaphysical order of the universe in which all beings from the most basic up to the very highest and most perfect being are hierarchically linked to form one interconnected whole. Although this notion was viewed in various ways from antiquity and throughout the medieval period, its philosophical formulation can perhaps best be seen beginning with Aristotle, moving through the Neoplatonists, and culminating in the theological vision of the scholastics.

Great Chain of Being. New World Encyclopedia, 2023. Disponível em: https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Great_Chain_of_Being. Acesso em 12 de setembro de 2023.

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Renaissance humanism refers to the movement that took hold in Europe from roughly the 14th-16th centuries. It started in Italy, and spread via trade and the printing press. Renaissance humanism places emphasis on the beauty, and value of a human's individual life.
Renaissance humanism was characterized by a reinvigorated interest in classical texts (read with a critical eye). Education was believed to be good for society, as a whole, so it was promoted during this time. Overall, the renaissance humanist movement placed emphasis on the individual human, their moral responsibilities, and how to lead a virtuous, public life.

HAYES, Bryoney. "What is Renaissance Humanism?"; Study. Disponível em: https://study.com/academy/lesson/humanism-in-the-renaissance-recognizing-the-beauty-of-the-individual.html. Acesso em 12 de setembro de 2023.

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Gristwood chronicles the roles of many other women rulers and powerful influencers during the period. They include Christina of Denmark, Marie de Guise, Margaret of Austria, Louise of Savoy, Anne of Bohemia and Hungary, and Anne de Beaujeu, among a score of others.

Game of Queens supplies a masterful account of these individuals and of many more ambitious, often public-spirited women of royal blood in 16th-century Europe. Indeed, there are so many significant players pacing regally through Gristwood’s saga that the reader might anticipate some narrative confusion.

DUFFY, Bob. "Game of Queens: The Women Who Made Sixteenth-Century Europe"; Washington Independent Review of Books. Disponível em: https://www.washingtonindependentreviewofbooks.com/index.php/bookreview/game-of-queens-the-women-who-made-sixteenth-century-europe#:~:text=They%20include%20Christina%20of%20Denmark,among%20a%20score%20of%20others. Acesso em 12 de setembro de 2023.

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At the end of the tale, when the knight can't find out what women want, the hag gives him two options. To marry her as an old hag but she will love him eternally or to marry her as a young and beautiful woman but she will be forever unfaithful. In this conception, Chaucer shows us that this sentence fits for a rapist knight that was about to lose his head.

Hag is not only a witch but, according to the Cambridge dictionary, it is an offensive word for an unattractive woman. So it could mean that marrying an unattractive woman is a worse faith than death. In the end, the knight is seduced by the hag.

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In the 1600's it was a man's job to provide for his family. Men typically were supposed to be masculine and powerful, and defend the honor. Legally everything his wife had before and after marriage was owned by him. A poor man in the 16th century began working to support his family before he even finished school.

WARREN, Amanda. "Gender Roles in 16th and 17th Century E"; Prezi. Disponível em: https://prezi.com/uanc_8-fp1mv/gender-roles-in-16th-and-17th-century-england/#:~:text=Men%20of%20the%2016th%20Century%20were%20to%20provide%20for%20their,varied%20greatly%20depending%20on%20class. Acesso em 12 de setembro de 2023.

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In the 16th century, many interesting things happened. Let's take a look at some!

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Witches dancing and floating by the bonfire. The Witch (2015) dir. Robert Eggers.

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The Witch (2015) dir. Robert Eggers.

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Bad dream. The Nightmare (1781) by Henry Fuseli

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Canterbury Tales, Wife of Bath's Tale. illustration by Warwick Goble (d.1943).

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The old hag is introduced to the knight. You can notice the dancing ladies in her back.

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She is the one who offers help in the knight's mission in the search for what women want. The hag is a creature from European folklore and is mostly seen in fantasy stories as a being who persuades and seduces the victim. She normally appears as a nice old lady or a beautiful woman to seduce men.

It is also known as a creature that causes nightmares, goes through the night, and sits on people's chests. From this came the expression hag-ridden.

EDWARDS, Eric. The Folklore of the Hag and the Crone. Eric Edwards Collected Works. 31/01/2014 · 11:16 AM.

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No title. Pinterest  [s. d.], Access in 29/10/2023.

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We can also say that the act of a queen, who is the most desirable and respected woman in court, to "implore" and "beg" for a knight's life is the dream of every knight in court. Every knight has the goal to take up the lady's attention, specially the queen's attention. By raping a virgin, somehow that knight was finally noticed, which is a contradiction to the courtly love. Maybe to criticize that kind of knight in courts were one of Chaucer's goal.

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Love is a determinant factor in modern marriage concepts, but it was not even mentioned in the medieval churches, the main objectives were procreation and  unsanctioned  sex (after marriage only). The most interesting and shocking detail that we found about marriages at that time, is that it used to happen to girls who was only 13 years old, which could be promised to a man since she was 7, something that was normal back then and is unacceptable today.

Noelle, Joanna. Love and mariage in middle ages.2016. This text can be found in https://jannagnoelle.com/2016/04/25/love-and-marriage-in-the-middle-ages/

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In the mid-fourteenth century a pandemic devastated Europe, killed 1/3 of its population, about 24 million people, and generated catastrophic changes as a consequence of a crisis. The bubonic plague transformed Europe in all its aspects, including literature, which adopted a grey tone and dark humor after the tragedy, preceding the Renaissance era.

SILVA, Daniel Neves. "Peste negra"; Brasil Escola. Disponível em: https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/historiag/pandemia-de-peste-negra-seculo-xiv.htm. Acesso em 12 de setembro de 2023.

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When the queen Guinevere gives the rapist and condamned knight a second chance ordering him to find out what women wants, sho does it by imploring and begging to king Arthur. Why would she do that for a knight? And why does the king accept? Is it because he loves Guinevere so much that he can allow her to make the king's decision? Or it can be seen as a speech of Chaucer saying that leaving a woman in charge of a realm would be so bad that she would be capable of forgiving a rapist?
It's a problematizing act in the tale that could lead to many interpretations.

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As we can see from the video game above, Beowulf is represented as a violent and visceral being, encouraged by his enraged hunt for glory. The monstruosity is revealed too when Grendel screams and questions "WHAT are you?!" assuming that Beowulf is way monstrously strong than Grendel ever was in his entire existence. In sequence, when Beowulf describes himself, looks like he is speaking of a beast.

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The battle against Grendel in Heorot's hall

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Here's a part of the text found at the author's blogspot.

"Nas profundezas do pântano

Aquele monstro vivia,

E somente pra caçar

Daquele antro saía.

Onde passava, deixava

A morte, a dor, a agonia."

"Ele acompanhou de longe

A construção do castelo,

A imponência do reino

Que se tornara tão belo,

Mas agora enfrentaria

O mais terrível flagelo."

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"A saga de Beowulf", an epic tale in cordel

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"A saga de Beowulf", an epic tale in cordel