# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic period- Roman

1. Late Republic sculptors emphasized each of the following features in portrait sculpture EXCEPT

A. Age

B. Beauty

C. Blemishes

D. Wisdom

.

2. In his ruler portraits, Augustus promoted an image of himself as each of the following EXCEPT

A. Older and wise

B. Descended from the gods

A successful military leader

D. Youthful and athletic

.

3. Each statement is true about the Ara Pacis of Augustus EXCEPT

A. It was commissioned by the Roman Senate to commemorate the "Roman peace."

B. It depicts the Roman re-enactment of the Panathenaic procession.

C. It likely depicts specific individuals at a specific event on a specific date.

D. The numerous plants and animals are thought to represent fertility and abundance.

.

4. The Colosseum was built largely of

A. Concrete

B. Cement

C. Marble

D. Limestone

.

5. The Colosseum functioned as a place of

A. Entertainment

B. Worship

C. Shopping

D. Government

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic period - Byzantine

1. Which of the following is NOT true of the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna?

A. Many of the mosaics show decorative forms that are similar to Ancient Roman decorative floral and acanthus leaf forms.

B. The mausoleum houses Galla Placidia's sarcophagus.

C. The vaults and ceiling areas are covered in the original fifth-century mosaics.

D. In the mosaic scenes, the figures and objects do not always relate to each other in a way that makes spatial sense.

.

2. Which of the following statements is true?

A. This sarcophagus reflects both elements of classicism and elements of Early Christian art.

B. Each of the scenes in this sarcophagus comes from the Old Testament.

C. The proportions of the figures come from the classical tradition.

D. The contrapposto and attention to drapery come from the Early Christian tradition.

.

3. The dome of Hagia Sophia recalls the engineering brilliance of the

A. Pantheon in Rome

B. Temple of Mercury in Baiae

C. Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

D. Treasury of Atreus in Mycenae

.

4. Procopius, the biographer of the Emperor Justinian, described the dome of Hagia Sophia as looking as though it was . . .

A. "made of rainbows."

B. "grander than the Pantheon."

C. "suspended from heaven."

D. "made by giants."

.

5. How did the architects of Hagia Sophia reconcile the round dome with the square floor plan?

A. with pendentives

B. with windows at the base of the dome

C. with exterior side domes

D. with minarets

.

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic Period- 13th and 14th Century Italy

1. The narrative scenes in the Arena Chapel focus on each of the following EXCEPT

A. The creation of the world

B. The life of Mary

C. The life of Christ

D. The passion of Christ

2. What is new in Giotto's depiction of the Lamentation in the Arena Chapel?

A. The gold haloes

B. The depiction of Mary holding the crucified Christ

C. Angels with wings

D. Figures that look like they have weight and mass

3. This work by Simone Martini combines each of the following EXCEPT

A. A Byzantine-inspired background

B. A lack of symbolic content

C. A sense of body structure beneath the clothing inspired by Giotto

D. A love of pattern and elegant line

4. This work depicts

A. The Annunciation

B. The Visitation

C. The Deposition

D. The Pietá

5. This work was painted for a

A. Palace

B. Church

C. Town Hall

D. Home

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic Period- Egyptian

1. What theme seems most central in the Palette of Narmer?

A. Political unification

B. Political instability

C. Death and the afterlife

D. The power of the gods

2. Each of the following cultural values of ancient Egypt is demonstrated by the pyramids of Giza EXCEPT

A. The centrality of the afterlife

B. The connection of kings to the gods

C. The power of the king

D. The equality of men and women

3. What motivated the cultural changes that characterize Akhenaten’s reign?

A. The king issued an edict sharing power with his wife, Nefertiti.

B. The king created a monotheistic state religion devoted to the god Aten.

C. A severe drought forced the king to relocate the Egyptian capital.

D. A powerful priestly class emerged that assumed royal authority.

4. Scholars believe that Thutmose used this bust of Nefertiti as a model for other representations of Nefertiti for each of the following reasons EXCEPT

A. The location where it was found

B. The inscription on the base

C. The lack of inlaid stone for the eyes

D. The general lack of finish

5. What evidence in this image demonstrates that Hunefer has led an ethical life and will be admitted to the afterlife?

A. His heart weighs less than a feather.

B. Anubis gives him an ankh.

C. Osiris forgives him of his sins.

D. Thoth finds his name on a list.

# data[].attributes.body
stylistic period - Gothic

1. Developments in Gothic architecture include each of the following EXCEPT

A. Barrel vaults

B. Stained glass windows

C. Groin vaulting

D. Pointed arches

2. The architect of Chartres Cathedral created a new three-part elevation made up of all of the following parts EXCEPT

A. arcade

B. triforium

C. gallery

D. clerestory

3. Which of the following is NOT true about the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Chartres?

A. The architect used rounded arches, thick walls, and massive piers to support the weight of the building internally.

B. This Gothic church is full of symbols. An important symbol in this church is the light, which was seen as a symbol of divine presence.

C. Gothic architects tried to maximize the space for stained glass windows. The development of rib vaults and flying buttresses made this easier.

D. The Gothic features of the cathedral emphasized the idea that the building was a divine and heavenly space.

.

4. The projecting structures in the foreground of this photograph are called

A. Groin vaults

B. Flying buttresses

C. Jambs

D. Lintels

.

5. What is NOT true about these jamb statues at Notre-Dame, Chartres?

A. The figures are elongated and the folds of the drapery are stylized.

B. The figures seem weightless and appear to float.

C. The artist emphasized the spiritual rather than physical qualities of these figures.

D. The artist was not skilled enough to create naturalistic figures

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic Period - Prehistoric

1. Which technique was used to create this jade cong?

a. Incising the jade with a metal tool

b. Abrading the jade with sand

c. Carving the jade with a stone

d. Modeling the jade by hand

2. Each of the following is known to be true about this image EXCEPT:

A. This object is one of many female figurines from the Paleolithic period.

B. This object represents a goddess associated with love and marriage rituals.

C. This object was made from limestone and was originally painted with red ochre.

D. The object's emphasis on female anatomy has led to speculation about its meaning.

3. Why did this figure used to be commonly called "Venus of Willendorf?"

A. The object was discovered in Greece.

B. The subject is the prehistoric goddess of love.

C. The name reflects early 20th-century beliefs about the figure's meaning.

D. The figure was meant to be an idealized image of feminine beauty.

4. What evidence supports the belief that the Woman of Willendorf was meant to be held in the hand?

A. The figure is symmetrical.

B. The figure is large.

C. The figures is carved from limestone.

D. The figure has no feet and can't stand on its own.

5. Stonehenge is an example of what type of construction?

A. Post and lintel

B. Corbelling

C. Arch

D. Barrel vault

6. Stonehenge comes from which period?

A. Paleolithic

B. Mesolithic

C. Neolithic

D. Pre-Cambrian

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic Period - Ancient Near Eastern

1. The Standard of Ur shows each of the following EXCEPT

A. Activities associated with both war and peace

B. A Standard being carried into battle

C. Men who perform in a variety of roles

D. Sides divided into three registers

2. How did Akkadian artists represent the human body in the Stele of Naram Sin?

A. They represented the body in profile.

B. They represented the body in a three-quarter view.

C. They used a composite view.

D. They represented the body in a frontal pose.

3. Hammurabi was a Babylonian king who created one of the first . . .

A. law codes

B. ziggurats

C. sculptures showing a god

D. sculptures showing a ruler

4. The ancient city of Babylon was known for each of the following EXCEPT

A. Its bull capitals

B. Its ziggurat

C. Its hanging gardens

D. Its gates

5. What leader defeated Babylon in 538 BC and permitted the Hebrews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple?

A. Cyrus the Great

B. Nebuchadnezzar

C. Hammarabi

D. Naram Sin

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic Period- 15th Century Flanders

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic Period- Hiberno Saxon

1. This purse lid from the Sutton Hoo ship burial suggests each of the following EXCEPT

A. Skilled craftsman produced intricately designed decorative arts during the Anglo-Saxon period.

B. Economic and cultural exchange occurred throughout Western Europe.

C. Anglo-Saxon artists used animal forms to provide decorative effect and symbolic value.

D. The Anglo-Saxons were primitive people who did not engage in commerce.

2. Each of the following features of this work is typical of Hiberno-Saxon art EXCEPT

A. mythological narratives

B. interlacing

C. animal hybrids

D. Christian symbolism

3. The intricate patterns and ornamental detail of this page from the Lindisfarne Gospels served to

A. Encourage meditative contemplation

B. Reinforce Biblical narratives

C. Obscure sacred imagery

D. Illustrate religious concepts

4. The sculptural figures in the Lindau Gospels cover are examples of a metalworking technique called

A. Lost-wax casting

B. Gilding

C. Repoussé

D. Cloissoné

5. Each of Bishop Bernward's bronze doors was created using

A. Repoussé

B. Lost-wax casting

C. Separately-cast pieces that were later welded together

D. Carved wood

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic Period- Etruscan

1. Etruscan art depicts upper-class women as

A. political rulers

B. military leaders

C. subservient and not engaged in public life

D. participating in public events

2. Which ancient culture most influenced Etruscan culture?

A. Babylon

B. Rome

C. The Druids

D. Greece

3. This sculpture of Apollo was made out of

A. marble

B. terra cotta

C. bronze

D. wood

4. This figure was originally placed

A. in a tomb

B. on top of a burial site

C. on top of a mountain

D. on top of a temple

5. Compared to Greek art, Etruscan art seems to differ in its

A. lively energy

B. mythological subject matter

C. attention to muscular human figures

D. the use of color

.

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic period - Islamic

1. This forest of columns is called a

A. Colonnade

B. Hypostyle Hall

C. Peristyle

D. Arcade

2. The palace at Alhambra incorporates

A. a baptistry

B. Hindu beliefs regarding the afterlife

C. metaphors for paradise on earth

D. Buddhist concepts of nirvana

3. A mihrab is a prayer niche pointing toward

A. the east

B. Jerusalem

C. the iwan, or vaulted entrance

D. Mecca

4. This structure functions as a

A. tomb

B. palace

C. temple

D. church

5. The structure's exterior is constructed primarily of

A. ivory

B. marble

C. glazed brick

D. painted limestone

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic Period- Greek

1. Each of the following are distortions used in the Parthenon to create the illusion of physical perfection EXCEPT

A. Very few right angles are used in the building.

B. The columns expand near their center.

C. The metopes line up with the columns.

D. The stylobate (temple platform) rises near the center.

2. Why did architects model buildings in Washington, D.C. on the classical style of the Parthenon?

A. As a symbol of peace

B. As a symbol of democracy

C. As a symbol of victory

D. As a symbol of religious freedom

3. Who was the artist responsible for the sculptural program decorating the Parthenon?

A. Pericles

B. Iktinos

C. Phidias or Pheidias

D. Kallikrates

4. Why is Victory adjusting her sandal?

A. She's tying her shoe, which appears to be loose.

B. She's removing a pebble from her shoe.

C. She's removing her shoes to walk on sacred ground.

D. She's changing her clothes upon returning from battle.

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic Period - Romanesque

1. The subject matter of this tympanum sculpture is

A. The Creation

B. The Baptism of Christ

C. The Last Judgement

D. The Mount of Transfiguration

2. Which of the following is NOT true about the central figure of Christ in this work?

A. His body position is not rendered naturalistically.

B. He looks out kindly and sympathetically.

C. He appears flattened, frontal, and symmetrical.

D. He has elongated proportions.

3. This work commemorates the conquest of England by

A. Harold Godwinson

B. Edward the Confessor

C. William the Conqueror of Normandy

D. Harold Hardrada, King of Norway

4. The medium of this work is

A. embroidery

B. tapestry

C. carpet weaving

D. ink on paper

5. This building served as a

A. Bell tower

B. Baptistry

C. Cathedral

D. Minaret

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic Period- Aegean

1. The triangular space of the Lion Gate is formed by

A. Corbelling

B. Mortise and tenon joints

C. Bricks and mortar

D. Groin vaulting

2. What mythological creature inspired the name describing the large stone masonry used by the Mycenaeans?

A. Cyclops

B. Griffin

C. Sphinx

D. Gorgon

3. This object was found in a

A. Tomb

B. Temple

C. Megaron

D. Palace

4. One thing we know about early Cycladic figures is that

A. They were once clothed

B. They represent fertility figures

C. They originally had painted details such as eyes and mouths

D. They were meant to represent deceased people

5. What do we know about this work?

A. It represents a coming-of-age ritual.

B. It shows a bull-trapping scene.

C. The three figures represent a sequence of actions of one individual.

D. Bulls were depicted in multiple works of Minoan art.

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic Period- Classical

1. The counterbalance created by the weight-bearing and relaxed limbs of this figure is called

A. Symmetry

B. A canon

C. Contrapposto

D. Alignment

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic Period- Geometric

1. What was the original function of this large vase in ancient Greece?

A. It was a grave marker in a cemetery.

B. It was part of a gateway to Athens.

C. It was a cremation urn that held human remains.

D. It was a storage vessel for grain.

2. What is slip?

A. A type of ceramic glaze

B. Paint that is applied to a pot after firing

C. A large oven used to fire ceramic pottery

D. Fine clay mixed with water used to decorate pottery

3. The New York Kouros shows the influence of

A. Prehistoric Art

B. Egyptian Art

C. Roman Art

D. Neolithic Art

4. The term "Kouros" refers to

A. The Greek word for "youth"

B. A soldier

C. The name of the man portrayed in the sculpture shown

D. A representation of a god

5. What is the source of Exekias's subject matter on this Greek amphora?

A. The Iliad

B. The Odyssey

C. The Aeneid

D. The Epic of Gilgamesh

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic Period - Hellenistic

1. Each of the following characteristics of Laocoön and his Sons shows that it comes from the Hellenistic style EXCEPT

A. Its literary subject

B. Its compositional dynamism

C. Its use of diagonals

D. Its intense emotion

# data[].attributes.body
Stylistic Period- Archaic

# data[].attributes.body
Hall of Bulls, Lascaux
c. 16,000-14,000 B.C.E.

# data[].attributes.body
Stonehenge, John Constable, 3000 B.C.E.

# data[].attributes.body
Sumerian: ca. 3000 BC
Akkadian: ca. 2000 BC
Babylonian: ca. 1700 BC
Assyrian: ca. 700 BC
Late Babylonian: ca. 600 BC
Persian: ca. 500 BC

# data[].attributes.body
The Standard of Ur, 2600 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Cuneiform - A system of writing used in ancient Mesopotamia, characterized by wedge-shaped symbols impressed onto clay tablets using a reed stylus.

Mud bricks - Building materials made from mud and often mixed with straw and other binding materials, shaped into bricks

Cylinder seal - A small cylindrical object made of stone that was used to impress designs or inscriptions onto clay or other soft materials by rolling the seal across them.

Heraldic pose - A term used in art to describe a specfic posture or stance of a creature or figure.

Registers - Horizontal bands or divisions in art or writing that organize scenes or text.

Composite view - An artists representation that combines different perspectives or viewpoints into a single depiction.

Hieratic scale/Hierarchical scale - A method of artistic representation in which the size of figures is determined by their importance or social status.

Ziggurat - A terraced pyramid like structure consisting of several levels.

Stele - A veritcal stone slab or pillar, often inscribed of decorated, used as a monument or marker.

Lamassu - Assyrian protective deities depicted as human headed winged bulls or lions.

Orthostat - Large, upright stone slabs often carved or decorated used in the construction of walls.

Capital - The top part of a column or pillar, often elaborately decorated, serving as a transition between the column and the structure it supports.

# data[].attributes.body
1. The Standard of Ur shows each of the following EXCEPT

B: A standard being carried into battle

2. How did Akkadian artists represent the human body in the Stele of Naram Sin?

C: they use composite view

3. Hammurabi was a Babylonian king who created one of the first . . .

A: law codes

4. The ancient city of Babylon was known for each of the following EXCEPT

A: Its bull capitals

5. What leader defeated Babylon in 538 BC and permitted the Hebrews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple?

A:Cyrus the Great

# data[].attributes.body
Statues from the Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, Iraq ca. 2700-2500 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Goat in Thicket (Ram and tree), Royal Cemetery of Ur, Muqaiyir, Iraq. Ca. 2600 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Royal Standard of Ur. ca. 2600 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Bull Lyre, from the tomb of Queen Pu-abi, Ur (Muqaiyir, Iraq, c. 2600 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Head of an Akkadian Ruler, from Nineveh (Kuyunjik), Iraq. ca. 2250–2200BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Stele of Naram-Sin. r. 2254–2218 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Great Ziggurat of King Urnammu, Ur, Muqaiyir, Iraq. ca. 2100 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Stele inscribed with the Law Code of Hammurabi. ca. 1700 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Gate of the citadel of Sargon II, Iraq. 742–706 BCE (and lamassu)

# data[].attributes.body
Lion Hunt relief, from the Palace of Ashurbanipal, Nineveh. ca. 645 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Neo-Babylonian: Ishtar Gate (restored), from Babylon, Iraq. ca. 600 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Painted Beaker, from Susa. ca. 4000 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Bull capital, from Persepolis, c. 500 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Darius and Xerxes Giving Audience, ca. 490 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Pyramid of Khufu, 2551-2528 B.C.E.

# data[].attributes.body
Predynastic: c. 3000 BC
Old Kingdom: c. 2500 BC
Middle Kingdom: c. 2000 BC
New Kingdom: c. 1500 BC
Amarna Style: c. 1350 BC

# data[].attributes.body
Heraldic pose - pose of a person in a specfic posture often in a symmetrical and facing forward

Composite view- An artistic representation that combines different perspectives or viewpoints into a single depiction, often seen in ancient art where figures body parts might be shown from different angles.

Hieratic scale/Hierarchical scale- A method of artistic representation in which the size of figure is determined by their importance or social status, often used in ancient art to signify the significance of a person or deity.

Palette- In historical terms, a flat surface used by ancient Egyptians to grind and mix mineral pigments with water or other binding agents to create paint for hieroglyphs or art.

Registers- Horizontal bands or divisions in art or writing that organize scenes or text, commonly found in ancient artworks and writings.

Mastaba- An ancient Egyptian tomb structure with a flat-roofed rectangular shape and sloping sides, often the burial place of nobles or high officials.

Necropolis- A large ancient cemetery, often used to describe the burial grounds of a particular city or civilization.

Columns- Vertical architectural elements that support weight, often used in rows to support structures or as decorative elements.

Capitals- The top part of a column or pillar, often elaborately decorated, serving as a transition between the column and the structure it supports.

Step Pyramid- An early form of pyramid in ancient Egypt, characterized by several rectangular layers or steps, with the most famous example being the Pyramid of Djoser at

Canon- In artistic terms, a set of rules or principles guiding proportions and artistic representation, often referring to the idealized or standardized human form in art.

Ka- In ancient Egyptian belief, the spiritual essence or vital force that distinguished an individual, existing after death and requiring offerings or sustenance in the afterlife.

Cloisonne- A decorative technique involving the use of metal strips to create compartments (cloisons) filled with enamel or other decorative materials, often seen in jewelry or decorative arts.

Cartouche- An oval or oblong shape in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs that contains the name of a royal person, signifying its importance.

Hypostyle hall- A large hall in ancient Egyptian temples or other structures supported by numerous columns.

Sunken Relief- A sculptural technique where the outlines of figures or designs are carved into a flat surface, with the surrounding area cut away to create a raised effect.

Altar Stele- A carved or inscribed upright stone slab often used as a marker or commemorative monument, specifically associated with religious or sacrificial purposes.

Book of the Dead- A collection of ancient Egyptian funerary texts and spells intended to guide and protect the deceased in the afterlife.

# data[].attributes.body
Palette of King Narmer, from Hierakonpolis. ca. 3150–3125 BCE (Predynastic)

# data[].attributes.body
Imhotep. Step pyramid of King Djoser, Saqqara. ca. 2681–2662 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
The pyramids of Menkaure, ca. 2533–2515 BCE, Khafra, ca. 2570–2544 BCE and Khufu, ca. (Old Kingdom)

# data[].attributes.body
Khafra, from Giza. ca. 2500 BCE (Old Kingdom)

# data[].attributes.body
Menkaure and His Wife, Khamerernebty II, from Giza. Ca. 2515 BCE. Slate (Old Kingdom)

# data[].attributes.body
Scribe, from Saqqara. ca. 2400 BCE (Old Kingdom)

# data[].attributes.body
Feeding the Oryxes. Wall painting in tomb of Khnum-hotep, Beni Hasan, ca. 1928-1895 BCE
(Middle Kingdom)

# data[].attributes.body
Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri. ca. 1478–1458 BCE (New Kingdom)

# data[].attributes.body
Kneeling Figure of King Hatshepsut, from Deir el-Bahri. ca. 1473-1458
(New Kingdom)

# data[].attributes.body
Temple of Ramesses II, Abu Simbel. 19th Dynasty. ca. 1279–1213 BCE
(New Kingdom)

# data[].attributes.body
Akhenaten and His Family. ca. 1355 BCE (New Kingdom)

# data[].attributes.body
Queen Nefertiti. ca. 1348–1336/35 BCE (New Kingdom)

# data[].attributes.body
Cover of the coffin of Tutankhamun. 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom)

# data[].attributes.body
The Weighing of the Heart and Judgment by Osiris, from The Book of the Dead of Hunefer. 1285
BCE (New Kingdom)

# data[].attributes.body
The Octopus Flask, 1500-1450 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Fallen Warrior from Temple of Aphaia
c 480-470 BCE

# data[].attributes.body
Tomb of the Triclinium, c.470 B.C.E.

# data[].attributes.body
Doryphoros by Poltkleitos, c. 450-440 B.C.E.

# data[].attributes.body
Early Christian Art: c. 250 A.D. - 400 A.D.

Early Byzantine Art: c. 500 A.D.

Middle Byzantine Art: c. 900-1200 A.D.

Late Byzantine Art: c. 1300 A.D.

# data[].attributes.body
Chi Ro Monogram - This symbol combines two Greek letters into a symbol that looks like the letter X placed over the stem over the letter P. Which translates to "Christ" in English.

# data[].attributes.body
Ichthus Symbol - used to proclaim affiliation for christianity and it was a secret symbol

# data[].attributes.body
Orant Position - someone standing with arms outstretched sideways, or bent elbow, with hands shoulder level and palms facing forward.

# data[].attributes.body
Clerestory - the upper part of the nave choir and transepts of a large church, containing a series of windows.

# data[].attributes.body
Martyrium - building or chamber used by early Christians as a burial place.

# data[].attributes.body
Tesserae - A small block of stone, tile, glass, or other material used in the construction of a mosaic.

# data[].attributes.body
Nimbus - a halo surrounding a supernatural being or a saint.

# data[].attributes.body
Nave - The central part of a church building, intended to accommodate most of the congregation.

# data[].attributes.body
Aisle - passageway to either side of the nave that is separated from the nave

# data[].attributes.body
Gallery - it is a narrow balcony or platform running the length of a wall.

# data[].attributes.body
Narthex - Long, narrow, enclosed porch, usually colonnaded or arcaded crossing entire width of a churches entrance.

# data[].attributes.body
Apse - is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi dome.

# data[].attributes.body
Icon - is a religious work of art

# data[].attributes.body
Iconoclast - characterized by attack on cherished beliefs or institutions.

# data[].attributes.body
Psalter - A copy of the biblical Psalms

# data[].attributes.body
Pantocrator - a title of Christ represented as the ruler of the universe, especially in Byzantine church decoration.

# data[].attributes.body
Early Christian

Painted Ceiling, Catacomb of Santissimi Pietro e Marcellino, Rome, Italy. 4th century CE.

# data[].attributes.body
Early Christian

Sarcophagus, Santa Mana Antiqua, Rome, italy. Ca. 270 CE

# data[].attributes.body
Early Christian

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy. 425-50CE

# data[].attributes.body
Early Christian

Good Shepherd, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy

# data[].attributes.body
Early Christian

Old St. Peter's, Rome, Italy. Ca. 324-400 CE

# data[].attributes.body
Early Christian

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus by , 359 C.E.

# data[].attributes.body
Early Christian

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy. 425–50 CE (inside and outside)

# data[].attributes.body
Mosaics of San Vitale, 547 B.C.E., Emperor Justinian

# data[].attributes.body
Early Byzantine

San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy. 526–47 CE (inside, outside, plan, and mosaics)

# data[].attributes.body
Early Byzantine

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey. 532–37 CE  (inside, outside, plan)

# data[].attributes.body
Early Byzantine

Christ, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt. 6th century CE

# data[].attributes.body
Middle Byzantine

Christ Pantocrator, Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece

# data[].attributes.body
Late Byzantine

Madonna Enthroned, late 13th century CE

# data[].attributes.body
The Friday Mosque, Masjid-I-Jami, 908-32 CE

# data[].attributes.body
Mihrab - A niche in the wall in a mosque at the point nearest to the Mecca.

# data[].attributes.body
Qibla Wall - The wall in a mosque that faces the Mecca that contains the Mihrab

# data[].attributes.body
Kufic Script - The Kufic script is a style of Arabic script that gained prominence and is used for Quran transcription.

# data[].attributes.body
Minaret - The tower where faithful are called to prayer five times each day.

# data[].attributes.body
Horseshoe Arches - is a type of arch where the circular curve is continued below the horizontal line.