# data[].attributes.headline
hindbrain: brainstem, pons, medulla, cerebellum

# data[].attributes.subject
hindbrain: brainstem, pons, medulla, cerebellum

# data[].attributes.body
- bulging center of brainstem
- mostly fiber tracts
- nuclei involved in breathing control
- contains portion of reticular formation (sleep and arousal)
- large nucleus that relays info from cerebral cortex to cerebellum

# data[].attributes.body
- lowest part of brainstem
- merges into SC
- control center for:
> heart rate control, blood pressure, regulation, breathing, swallowing, vomiting

# data[].attributes.body
- cerebellar cortex: covers cerebellum surface
- deep cerebellar nucleus
> nuclei locater in cerebellar hemispheres
> receives projections from cerebellar cortex
> send projections out of cerebellum to other brain parts
-cerebellarr peduncle
> 1 of 3 bundles of axons that attach to each cerebellar hemisphere to dorsal pons

# data[].attributes.body
- damage impairs standing, walking, coordinating movements
- receives visual, auditory, vestibular, and somatosensory info
- receives info abt individual muscle movement being directed by the brain
- integrates and modifies motor outflow --> coordinates movement
- damage -->jerky movements

# data[].attributes.headline
midbrain: cerebral peduncles, mid brain tectum, midbrain tegmentum

# data[].attributes.subject
midbrain: cerebral peduncles, mid brain tectum, midbrain tegmentum

# data[].attributes.body
- midbrain = mesencephalon
- surrounds cerebral aqueduct, contains tectum and tegmentum

# data[].attributes.body
- tectum = "roof
- dorsal mesencephalon
- 4 bumps on dorsal surface of brain stem are 2 principal structures
> superior colliculi and inferior colliculi

# data[].attributes.headline
forebrain: cerebral hemispheres, cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus

# data[].attributes.subject
forebrain: cerebral hemispheres, cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus

# data[].attributes.body
2 hemispheres, 4 lobes each

- frontal (executive function)

- parietal (sensory integration)

- temporal (auditory, taste, smell, memory, emotionality)

- occipital (visual)

# data[].attributes.body
1. Auditory Cortex - inputs from the ear

2. Vestibular System - balance inputs

3. Language Centers - Broca and Wernike

4. Motor Cortex - premotor cortex homonculus, motor cortex

5. Sensory Cortex - somatosensory cortex homunculus

6. Association Cortex

7. Limbic System - amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, basal ganglia

8, Olfaction Centers

9. Visual Cortex

# data[].attributes.body
Broca's area - motor aspect speech
usually L hemisphere

Wernicke's area - sensory aspect of speech

# data[].attributes.body
primary motor area: anterior to central sulcus in frontal lobe
> consciously move skeletal muscles
> motor neurons form pyramidal (corticospinal) tract > descends to SC
> motor homunculus is a spatial map

# data[].attributes.body
control of voluntary movements, procedural leaning, cognition, and emotions

- caudate
- putamen
- globus pallidus
- substatia nigra
- nucleus accumbens
- subthalamic nucelus

# data[].attributes.body
- surrounds 3 ventricle
- relay station for sensory impulses
- transfer impulses to correct part of cortex for localization and interpretation

# data[].attributes.body
- under thalamus
- autonomic NS center
> regulate body temp
> control water balance
> regulate metabolism
- limbic center for emotions
- regulate nearby pituitary gland
- mammillary bodied for olfaction

# data[].attributes.body
pyramidal decussation is at spinomedullary junction --> where lateral corticospinal tract axons cross the midline

# data[].attributes.body
rostral to decussation, motor commands are contralateral to the side they were initiated from

caudal to decussation, commands are ipsilateral

# data[].attributes.body
olivary tubercles indicate location of inferior olivary nuclei or inferior olives
--> distinctive landmark of caudal medulla

# data[].attributes.body
tubercle gracilis (medial) and tubercle cuneatus (lateral and rostral) are bumps visible coming up from the dorsal line

tubercles contain dorsal column nuclei where primary afferents carrying info abt ipsilateral light touch, vibrations, and proprioception terminate

# data[].attributes.body
if someone experienced damage to the pon, what nerves are damaged and what functions are damaged?

# data[].attributes.body
nuclei (when not talking about a cell specifically): group of neurons that all have the same fxn

# data[].attributes.body
excitatory cells of the cerebellum

# data[].attributes.body
colliculi are related to visual and visual processing

# data[].attributes.body
homonculus for application questions

# data[].attributes.body
sensory and memory homonculus are parallel and symmetrical in each hemisphere

# data[].attributes.body
hippocampus is primarily learning and memory

# data[].attributes.body
olfaction is connected to memory

# data[].attributes.body
dopamine reward system
rich in dopaminergic neurons

procedural learning like routines

# data[].attributes.body
full of sensory nuclei

sensory info comes to specific nuclei in the thalamus that will then send that info somewhere else in the brain to regulate the response

# data[].attributes.body
major hormone control

hormones released from the hypothalamus impacts pituitary glands ability to release hormons

# data[].attributes.body
know structure and function
what would happen if there was an abnormality

if a scientist was looking for structures of the function, what structures are they?

# data[].attributes.body
psilocybin, LSD and DOI are serotonergic psychedelics that work via serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor activation

# data[].attributes.body
therapeutic for neuropsychiatric disorders like major depression and anxiety-related disorders

# data[].attributes.body
ethopharmacologically analyze the role of 5-HT2A in anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of serotonergic psychedelics

# data[].attributes.body
mice w acute intraperitoneal psychedelic treatment exhibited significantly shorter immobility times in forced swim test (FST) and tail-suspension test (TST) than vehicle animals

# data[].attributes.body
volinanserin, 5-HT2A antagonist, used to eliinate psychedelic effect

# data[].attributes.body
decreased immobility in FST was persistent for 3 weeks

# data[].attributes.body
decreased latency to feed, via novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT), after psilocybin treatment
pre-treatment w volinanserin didn't diminish effect

# data[].attributes.body
DOI and TCB-2 did not effect NSFT performance

# data[].attributes.body
psilocybin, DOI, and TCB-2 treatment didn't affect the spontaneous locomotor activity or head twitch response (HTR)

# data[].attributes.headline
5-HT2A contributes antidepressant rather than anxiolytic effects

# data[].attributes.subject
5-HT2A contributes antidepressant rather than anxiolytic effects

# data[].attributes.body
- carry axons descending from forebrain to brainstem and/or SC
- fibers of corticospinal pathways travel in the middle of each cerebral peduncle,

# data[].attributes.body
optic tracts wrap around anterior and lateral edges of the cerebral peduncles
- damage to both --> impairment to contralateral voluntary movement AND vision of contralateral visual field

# data[].attributes.body
4 colliculi on dorsal surface of midbrain, for localizing stimuli
inferior colliculi: for sound
superior colliculi: for vision

# data[].attributes.body
limbic = border
> structures the border diencephalon

>> structures for emotional processing, learning, and memory, but not directly involved in sensory or motor processing