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In spot welding a weld nugget is produced by passing an electric current through the sheet materials to be welded while they are held together under a mechanical force between shaped copper electrodes in a lap configuration.

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Welding and Cutting: Dissolved acetylene is widely used for welding and cutting metals. When combined with oxygen in a torch, it produces a focused flame with intense heat, capable of melting and fusing metal surfaces together. 2

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protective gloves, goggles, helmets and respiratory protection that will safeguard welders from injuries.

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Porosity is the presence of cavities in the weld metal caused by the freezing in of gas released from the weld pool as it solidifies. The porosity can take several forms: distributed. surface breaking pores.

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*transformer (240v-80v)

*bridge rectifier (ac-dc)

*capacitor

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It is multiple welds welded together to make 1 strong weld

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*nuetral flame has no chemical effect on metal being welded
*carburizing flame causes a chemical change in steel and iron during welding
*oxidizing flame

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Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) is a joining process that involves the formation of an electric arc between a continuously fed electrode and the workpiece to be welded. A blanket of powdered flux surrounds and covers the arc and, when molten, provides electrical conduction between the metal to be joined and the electrode.

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• The components to be joined are placed between the electrodes and then pressed together.

• A nugget weld is achieved as current is passed through the electrodes generating a large heat between the metals.

• The weld is a single nugget weld at various intervals.
•Used in the automotive industry for body panel assembly.

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Electric shock due to high voltages. Ensure that equipment is well maintained with cables secured and insulated properly to prevent electric shock.

• Fumes created by heating metals. Materials to be welded need to be cleaned and degreased to minimise fumes while welding. Appropriate ventilation systems should be in place.

• Hot metals. Protective clothing should be worn including leather gloves, apron, etc.

• Intense light. A good quality welding shield with darkened face plates must be worn to protect the user.

• Protect others. Appropriate welding curtain or cubicle will ensure that others are not exposed to the UV light emitted from the welding process.

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An electrode is a metal wire that is coated.

SMAW or stick electrodes are consumable, meaning they become part of the weld and are also referred to as a filler electrode or welding rod. TIG tungsten electrodes are non-consumable as they do not melt and become part of the weld, requiring the use of a welding rod

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*transformer (240v-80v)
*bridge rectifier (ac-dc)
* capacitor

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*working envelope
*degree of freedom
*precise,repeatable,consistent
robotic welding is welding automation that uses a welding robot arm to weld. In this type of welding, the robot moves the torch along the joint to weld the pieces together. Welding robots can now do many types of welding processes using advanced welding tools

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• An arc is formed between the non-consumable electrode and the metal being welded.

• The inert gas shielded arc is used to flux the joint.

• Argon is often used to prevent oxygen getting to the joint area.

• A stainless steel filler metal is added manually to the weld pool when necessary.