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1. How much air pollution was there?  Where did it come from?

During the pre-industrial era, there was very little air pollution. However, things like wood burning or other types of industry would still pollute the air to an extent. An area affected by this was Rome.

2. How much water pollution was there?  Where did it come from?

Odors and runoff from garbage used to commonly pollute the water.

3. How did humans get most of the energy they needed to survive?

Economic growth and technological development caused a lot of energy to be used at the time.

4. Was conservation being practiced anywhere in the world?  How?

Conservation was rarely being practiced because there was little research at the time on expending natural resources.

5.Why was lead poisoning a problem?

Lead poisoning strained the economy as it was usually fatal and people had no idea where it was coming from.

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6. How much water pollution was there?

The water was extremely polluted, leading to laws being passed that forbid dumping trash into the water and public health systems. A lot of diseases were spread via waterways.

7. How much wood was being harvested?  What effects was this having?

Excessive tree cutting during the 16th and 17th centuries left land barren and the Europeans had to swap to depending on coal.

8. In what ways was disease affecting the world?

In the 1300s, the Bubonic Plague wiped out 75 percent of Europe and Asia’s population. In response to this, people began to quarantine and consider laws for public health.

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9. What causes did people begin to take up to improve the world?

According to Francis Bacon the people tried to improve the world with the printing press, gunpowder, and the compass.

10. What did Thomas Malthus predict?

Malthus predicted that food and resources would run out as soon as the population explodes.

11. Give examples of new pollution affecting the world.

Coal fueled ventures produced smoke which affected health and comfort.

12. Why did sanitation become so important?

Sanitation became a core part of the French Revolution. Because the lower class didn’t have access to sanitation they applied it to the French revolution's public health policy.

13. How was the air pollution at this time?

Air pollution was very common before the industrial revolution. Pollution came from things like dust, tanneries, foundries, sewage, wood smoke, and dried animal manure.

14. How was the water pollution at this time?

Some cities had problems with water pollution. Clean cities had a strict religious code and other places weren’t so strict and has sewage-filled streets

15. What happened when the “Mother of the Forest” was cut down?

When the Mother of the Forest was cut down people began to conserve the forest more and formed a legal movement to protect and maintain the trees.

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16. What types of reforms were occurring?

Reforms for cleaner water, cheaper transportation, sanitation, and women's rights were taking place during the Progressive Era.

17. What did Theodore Roosevelt fight for?

Roosevelt fought for forest and water conservation.

18. What new organizations were formed?

Some of the new organizations formed were the U.S. Bureau of Mines, workers' compensation programs, and the National Audubon Society.

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19. What was the purpose of the National Coast Anti-Pollution League?

It was formed to stop oil dumping.

20. What type of gasoline was used for the first autos?

The first type of gasoline used was leaded gasoline.

21. What was the chemurgy movement fighting for?

It fought for the use of raw agricultural products to be used in manufacturing instead of nonrenewable resources.

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22. What lead people to believe there was a air pollution crisis?

The Donora air pollution disaster was a highly publicized event that highlighted the air pollution crisis.

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23. What was the “burning river?”

On June 22nd, 1969 the Cuyahoga River burst into flames as a result of the high oil and chemical pollution. This was a defining moment for the new environmental movement.

24. What is the name of Rachel Carson’s book that started modern environmentalism?

In 1962 Rachel Carson published her book Silent Spring which focused on the environmental footprint of pesticides which started the modern environmentalism movement.

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25. What government agency is founded?

The United States Environmental Protection Agency was formed in 1970.

26. How was air pollution reduced?

The EPA formed several programs, such as Health Education and Welfare National Air Pollution Control Administration to control pollution.

27. How was water pollution reduced?

The Department of Interior’s Water Quality Administration was formed.

28. What two new sources of pollution begin causing concern?

Cancer-inducing hazardous substances and oil caused pollution.

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29. What major disasters occurred during this time?

Some major disasters were the Bhopal Disaster and Chernobyl nuclear disaster.

30. What two major issues involving the Earth’s atmosphere arise?

Greenhouse gases (CO2) and ozone-depleting chemicals being released into the atmosphere.

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31.  How did the Gulf War create pollution?

The war caused oil spills and depleted uranium bullets, contributing to pollution.

32. What does China construct that causes much controversy?

The Belt and Road Initiative.

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33. What final act did President Clinton sign into law?

The National Invasive Species Act of 1996.

34. How does the Bush presidency handle global warming and climate change?

The Bush presidency was corrupt and failed to handle climate change appropriately or in a manner that would help.

35. How does the world react to leaded gasoline?

The public campaigned against the use of leaded gasoline.