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CHAGAS

Life-threatening disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). The disease occurs mainly in endemic areas of 21 Latin American countries, where it is transmitted to humans and other mammals mainly through the feces or urine of triatomines (vector route), known as bed bugs.

Causes
Contact with infected feces or urine of blood-feeding triatomines. These insects typically live in cracks and gaps in the walls and roofs of homes and outdoor structures, such as chicken coops, corrals, and warehouses, in rural and suburban areas.

Signs and symptoms
Acute phase
Skin lesion or a purple swelling of an eyelid. Additionally, these people may experience fever, headache, enlarged lymph nodes, paleness, muscle pain, difficulty breathing, swelling, and abdominal or chest pain.

chronic phase
During the chronic phase, the parasites remain hidden mainly in the heart and digestive muscles. The infection can cause sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias or progressive heart failure as a result of the destruction of the innervations of the heart muscle and the muscle itself.

Diagnosis
Blood smear under the microscope.

Treatment
Benznidazole or with nifurtimox,

Reference

Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis). (s/f). Who.int. Retrieved on September 27, 2023, from https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)

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AMEBIASIS

Is a intestinal disease caused by a microscopic parasite called Entamoeba histolytica.

Causes
contaminated food or contaminated water containing the parasite in the cystic phase. It can also be spread through direct person-to-person contact.

SYMPTOMS
nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, and occasional fever

Complications
liver abscess

Risk factor's
Do not wash your hands after going to the bathroom.


Diagnosis
microscopic examination of fecal matter

Treatment
specific antibiotics, such as metronidazole, for the treatment of amoebiasis

Reference
Amebiasis (disentería amebiana). (s/f). Health.ny.gov. Recuperado el 27 de septiembre de 2023, de https://www.health.ny.gov/es/diseases/communicable/amebiasis/fact_sheet.htm

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ASCARIASIS

Ascariasis is a type of nematode infection. These worms are parasites that use the body as a host to mature and go from being larvae or eggs to adult worms.
Ascariasis occurs more frequently in children, especially in areas with poor hygienic conditions.

Most people do not have symptoms, but when they do, they are:
- Cough
- wheezing
- dyspnea
-abdominal pain
-nausea
-threw up
-bloody diarrhea

Causes; contact with soil mixed with human or pig feces containing roundworm eggs or infected water.

Risk factor's
- age (in children under 10 years old)
- warm weather
- poor hygiene

Complications
-growth retardation
-intestinal perforation
-duct obstruction

Diagnosis:

The diagnosis is under a microscope, examining the feces to see if there are eggs or larvae.

Treatment
Antiparasitics
- albendazole 400 mg  / 1 dose / VO
- mebendazole 200 mg  / 3 days / VO
-ivermectin 150-200 mcg/ Kg / 1 dose / VO

Reference
Ascariosis. (2022, mayo 17). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/es/diseases-conditions/ascariasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369593

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HIV causes AIDS and also interferes with the body's ability to fight infections. The virus can be transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids.

Complications:

Pain.

Seizures.

Strokes.

Shingles.

Difficulty swallowing.

Fever.

Vision loss.

Coma.

Symtoms:

Fever, sore throat and fatigue.
The disease is then usually asymptomatic until it develops into AIDS.
Weing loss, fever or night sweats, recurrent infections, and fatigue.

Transmisión:

For items in contact with blood (dirty needles or untested blood) Through unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex From mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.

Treatmen:

Is no cure for AIDS, but strict adherence to antiretroviral therapy can significantly slow the progression of the disease and prevent infections and secondary complications.

AIDS and HIV, neurological complications of. (s. f.). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/aids-and-hiv-neurological-complications

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Virus that its capsid acquires a round spiculated shape that simulates a crown. It is the causal agent of respiratory syndromes that depress the respiratory centers and condition the patient with respiratory difficulty due to muscle limitation and the extensive inflammatory response.

Risk:
Contact with an infected person.
Do not use mouth covers

Complications:
Pneumonia
Fibrosis
pleural effusion
Hemoptysis
Atelectasis

Symtoms:
Cough
Sweating
Tachycardia
Chest pain
Dyspnoea
Fever
General discomfort

Transmition:
By direct contact from person to person through fluids, droplets of flushing or mucus.

Diagnosis:
It can be done through a measurement of antibodies (IgM or IgG)

Professional, C. C. M. (s. f.-b). Viral infection. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24473-viral-infection

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Is an inflammation in the middle ear that can occur as a result of a cold, sore throat or respiratory infection.

Causes:  Streptococcus pneumoniae

Symptoms:
middle ear pain, fever, and less frequently mucus drainage and hearing loss.

Risk factors: childhood, childcare attendance, adenoid hypertrophy, male sex and white race, adenoids, asthma.

Prevalence: 17-30% of infants experience two or more episodes of AOM, with 50% of children having at least one episode by age 3 years.

Diagnosis:  is guided by the clinic and the physical examination of the patient, a pneumatic otoscope is used, which sends a breath of air into the ear canal to check if there is fluid behind the eardrum.

Treatmen: Amoxicillin/Ac. Clavulanic acid: Amoxicillin 90 mg/kg/day, plus an analgesic and an antipyretic.

Reference

John V. Ashurst. (2023, 12 abril). Acute Otitis Media. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470332/

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Onychomycosis
Definition
Infection of the nail (oneic) by a fungus (mycosis).

Elderly and immunocompromised people can get this

Symptoms

Thickening.

Discoloration.

Frailty, flaking or irregularity.

Deformity.

Separation of the nail bed.

Bad smell.

Causes
Contact with spaces where fungi can proliferate, such as walking on the tiles of the shower floor of a gym or putting on dark, sweaty and wet shoes.
Propagation
Risk factor is someone from the environment that houses the fungus, it can be spread through desquamated dead skin distributed in the bathroom or in the shared bed
Diagnostic
The appearance of the nails, the wet microscopic examination, the culture, PCR or a combination of them
Treatment
There are two types of treatments: local (topical antimycotics) and systemic (oral antimycotics)

References

Hongos en las uñas - síntomas y causas - Mayo Clinic. (2022, 23 agosto). https://www.mayoclinic.org/es/diseases-conditions/nail-fungus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353294

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An inflammation of the tissues in your sinuses (spaces in your forehead, cheeks and nose usually filled with air).

Causes :

Streptococcus pneumonia

Haemophilus influenzae.

Moraxella catarrhalis.

Risck factors :

Seasonal allergies.
Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke.
Structural problems within the sinuses (growths on the lining of the nose or sinuses, known as nasal polyps)

Prevalence :
In adults is 38% while in children it is up to83%.

Complications:
Dissemination in the eye causing alterations in vision or swelling around the eyes.

Diagnosis:

Data obtained in the clinical history and careful clinical examination.
The study is complemented with nasal flow study and radiological, simple radiology and CT.

Treatment :

administration of oral antibiotics for a period of ten to fourteen days
Oral or topical decongestants to relieve symptoms.

References
Suffering from a sinus infection? (2022, 24 agosto). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/sinus-infection.html#:~:text=Risk%20Factors&text=Seasonal%20allergies,sinuses%2C%20known%20as%20nasal%20polyps.
https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/es/topic/default?id=sinusitis-90-P05170#:~:text=Las%20bacterias%20que%20m%C3%A1s%20com%C3%BAnmente,Moraxella%20catarrhalis

Sinusitis: síntomas, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Clínica Universidad de Navarra. (s. f.). https://www.cun.es. https://www.cun.es/enfermedades-tratamientos/enfermedades/sinusitis

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Athlete’s foot
Definition
It's a fungal skin infection that usually begins between the toes

All people who wear closed shoes frequentl and they sweat intensely they can contract this.

Symptoms

Flaky, cracked or flaking skin between the toes

Itching, especially just after taking off your shoes and socks

Swollen skin that may appear reddish, purplish or grayish, depending on the color of your skin

Burning or stinging

Blisters

Dry and scaly skin on the bottom of the foot

Causes
Wet socks and shoes, warm conditions and humidity can favor the proliferation of these organisms
Propagation
Can spread through contact with an infected person or with contaminated surfaces, such as towels, floors and footwear
Diagnostic
Just look at it and you could also take a sample of skin from the affected area to be examined in a laboratory.
Treatment

Clotrimazole

Econazole

Cyclopirox

For serious infections, an antifungal terbinafine itraconazole or a topical medication such as oral

References
Pie de atleta - Síntomas y causas - Mayo Clinic. (2023, 25 agosto). https://www.mayoclinic.org/es/diseases-conditions/athletes-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20353841

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It is made up of more than 150 viruses, they vary in pathogenesis and therefore in their way of manifesting. Some types of HPV cause cancer, including cancers of the cervix (the base of the womb at the top of the vagina), vagina, vulva (the area around the outside of the vagina), penis, anus, and parts of the mouth and the throat.

Risk:
Unprotected sexual relations.
Intravenous drug use
Sexual relations before 17
Promiscuity
Transfusions

Complications:

Serotypes 16 and 18 can cause cervical cancer.

Symtoms:

Most people do not present symptoms, and in low-risk serotypes the immune system manages to eliminate the viruses within a period of two years. In high-risk patients, no symptoms occur either, but warts form and invade the anorectal area.

Transmition:

Mainly through direct skin-to-skin contact during vaginal, oral or anal sex. It does not spread through blood or body fluids. It can be transmitted even when an infected person has no visible signs or symptoms.

Diagnosis:

The diagnosis may be incidental, in some cases patients come for consultation after having had a risky sexual relationship or for a routine check.
By means of the pap smear test, which consists of making a scraping of the ectocervix area and subsequently performing a microscope evaluation where it is evaluated by means of stains whether the squamous or columnar cells present cellular atypia (nucleus larger than the cytoplasm, koilocytic atypia). , leaf appearance, nucleoli).

Professional, C. C. M. (s. f.). Viral infection. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24473-viral-infection

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Is a acute respiratory infection affecting the lungs.

Causes :

Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae type b (2nd).

Risck factors :

-Poor diet

-Malnutrition

-Thanks to immunosuppression due to nutrient deficiency.

-Air pollution

-Locality

-Lack of immunization
-Lack primary care in the health sector

Prevalence : Worldwide

In children under 5 years of age there are 150-156 million cases, estimating two million deaths per year.

40% of cases require hospitalization.

Complications:
-Empiema
-Pericarditis

Diagnosis:

Analyzing atypical breathing patterns, listening to the lungs, X-rays or blood tests.

Treatment :

First line amoxicillin in dispersible tablets. Serious case of hospitalization

References :

View of pneumonia in children: risk factors and response | RECIMUNDO (n. d.). Accessed August 25,2023. Retrieved from https://recimundo.com/index.php/es/article/view/502/709#:~:text=The%20major%20risk%20factors%20of%20risk,a%20sectors%20of%20low%20low%20income%20.
World Health Organization: WHO (2022). Childhood pneumonia.Entered August 25,2023. Retrieved from www.who.int. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia#:~:text=The%20pneumonia%C3%ADa%20can%20be%20caused,the%20control%20of%20environmental%20factors%20.

Childhood pneumonia: everything you need to know (n. d.). UNICEF. Accessed August 25,2023. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/es/historias/neumonia-infantil-lo-que-debes-saber#:~:text=Los%20profesionales%20de%20de%20la%20salud,X%20o%20o%20an%20C3%A1lisis%20de%20de%20sangre.

Manuel, M. P. C. (n. d.). Clinical-epidemiological study of community-acquired pneumonia during the pediatric age. experience at Hospital Angeles Pedregal. Admitted August 25,2023. Recuperado de https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1870-72032016000300143#:~:text=A%20nivel%20mundial%2C%20la%20incidencia,de%20los%20casos%20requiere%20hospitalizaci%C3%B3n.

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Definition:
Entry, development and multiplication of a bacterium in the body of either a person or an animal.
Example:
-Pneumonia
-Sinusitis
- Otitis

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Microscopic organisms that live in animal le plant matter

Vaginal candidiasis
Definition
It is an infection of the vagina. It most often due yo the fungus candida albicans

Women who have a poorly controlled blood glucosa level

Symptoms

Vaginal and vulvar itching.

Irritation.

Sexual intercourse with burning.

Burning during urination.

Vulvar inflammation.

Redness.

Vaginal pain.

Vaginal rashes.

Whitish, viscous and odorless vaginal discharge

Causes

Use of antibiotics, which causes an imbalance in the natural vaginal flora.

Pregnancy.

Diabetes not controlled.

Damaged immune system.

Consumption of oral contraceptives or hormonal therapy that increases estrogen levels.

Propagation
Normally it is not a sexually transmitted infection, but sometimes it can be spread between sexual partners.
Diagnostic
Pelvic examination and will take samples of the vaginal fluid to be analyzed in the laboratory and have the necessary elements to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment
Depending on how serious the problem, the gynecologist will prescribe a treatment

References
Centro Médico ABC. (2022b, octubre 13). Candidosis vaginal | Centro Médico ABC. https://centromedicoabc.com/padecimientos/candidosis-vaginal/