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After 289 years of Spanish rule over Mexico, Miguel Hidalgo e Castilla issues his cry of Dolores. Meaning that he is hoping for an end of Spanish rule. Many leaders of Mexico had battles against Spain. Mexico gained their independence after signing the Treaty of Cordoba. Their independence is also annually celebrated beginning on the evening of September 15th.

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Marino Moreno attacked many surrounding countries. Peru, Uruguay, and Paraguay all started to fight back. They counter-attacked with invasions of Buenos Aries, the capital of Argentina. They used many tactics including Scorched Earth Policy. Marino Moreno and his soldiers won all of there battles. After, many representatives from Argentina gathered to declare independence.

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Argentinian Independence | 3 Minute History

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The Portuguese had control over Brazil, with the Portuguese leader being in Brazil. The people of Brazil weren't happy, so the Liberal Revolution of 1820 captured the major cities of Brazil. The people of Portugal weren't happy with a lack of a leader, so he returned to Portugal but left his son Pedro to govern Brazil. Brazil later separated from Portugal, but there were still Portuguese soldiers in Brazil. The Brazilians tried to over power the Portuguese soldiers with a large amount of soldiers, but lost. They gained back control of their cites the second time they battled, gaining complete independence.

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Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History

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Impressionism Painting from 1812 Argentina

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Impressionism Painting from 1812 Argentina

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 1821 Mexico Revolution Leaders Article and Essay

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 1821 Mexico Revolution Leaders Article and Essay

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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla started the Mexico War of Independence, with his “Cry of Dolores” against the Spanish and Royalists. Hidalgo was captured and later executed. Other peasant leaders stepped up, such as José María Morelos y Pavón, Mariano Matamoros, and Vicente Guerrero who all lead armies of their own. Royalist leader, Agustín de Iturbide negotiated the Plan of Iguala with Vicente. The Royalists forces were later defeated, and O’Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba, separating Mexico from Spain.

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Eleven years after the outbreak of the Mexican War of Independence, Spanish Viceroy Juan de O'Donojú signs the Treaty of Córdoba, which approves a plan to make Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy.

In the early 19th century, Napoleon's occupation of Spain led to the outbreak of revolts all across Spanish America. On September 16, 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, launched the Mexican War of Independence with the issuing of his Grito de Dolores, or "Cry of Dolores" (Dolores referring to the town of Dolores, Mexico). The revolutionary tract called for the end of Spanish rule in Mexico, redistribution of land, and racial equality. After some initial successes, Hidalgo was defeated, captured, and executed. However, he was followed by other peasant leaders, such as José María Morelos y Pavón, Mariano Matamoros, and Vicente Guerrero, who all led armies of native and racially mixed revolutionaries against the Spanish and the Royalists.

Ironically, it was the Royalists-made up of Mexicans of Spanish descent and other conservatives-who ultimately brought about independence. In 1820, liberals took power in Spain, and the new government promised reforms to appease the Mexican revolutionaries. In response, Mexican conservatives called for independence as a means of maintaining their privileged position in Mexican society.

In early 1821, Agustín de Iturbide, the leader of the Royalist forces, negotiated the Plan of Iguala with Vicente Guerrero. Under the plan, Mexico would be established as an independent constitutional monarchy, the privileged position of the Catholic Church would be maintained, and Mexicans of Spanish descent would be regarded as equals to pure Spaniards. Mexicans of mixed or pure Indian blood would have lesser rights.

Iturbide defeated the Royalist forces still opposed to independence, and the new Spanish viceroy, lacking money, provisions, and troops, was forced to accept Mexican independence. On August 24, 1821, O'Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba, thus ending New Spain's dependence on Old Spain.

In 1822, as no Bourbon monarch to rule Mexico had been found, Iturbide was proclaimed the emperor of Mexico. However, his empire was short-lived, and in 1823 republican leaders Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria deposed Iturbide and set up a republic with Guadalupe Victoria as its first president.

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Spain accepts Mexican independence | August 24, 1821 | HISTORY

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Eleven years after the outbreak of the Mexican War of Independence, Spanish Viceroy Juan de O'Donojú signs the Treaty of Córdoba, which approves a plan to make Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy. In the early 19th century, Napoleon's occupation of Spain led to the outbreak of revolts all across Spanish America.

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1812 Argentina Revolution Leaders Article and Essay

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1812 Argentina Revolution Leaders Article and Essay

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Jose de San Martin had a history of war in the family, in which his father was a Spanish Soldier. He himself worked his way through the the Buenos Aries Government to eventually becoming a leader. He attacked many surrounding countries such as, Peru and Chile. He tried capturing the leaders, and armies of the country, and quickly succeeded. San Martin had a very insecure position, with his supporters crumbling. After meeting with Simon Bolivar, he was very ill and resigned. He spent the rest of his life, exiled with his daughter.

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Table of Contents

José de San Martín, (born February 25, 1778, Yapeyú, viceroyalty of Río de la Plata [now in Argentina]-died August 17, 1850, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France), Argentine soldier, statesman, and national hero who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821).

Early life and career

San Martín's father, Juan de San Martín, a Spanish professional soldier, was administrator of Yapeyú, formerly a Jesuit mission station in Guaraní Indian territory, on the northern frontier of Argentina. His mother, Gregoria Matorras, was also Spanish. The family returned to Spain when José was six. From 1785 to 1789 he was educated at the Seminary of Nobles in Madrid, leaving there to begin his military career as a cadet in the Murcia infantry regiment. For the next 20 years he was a loyal officer of the Spanish monarch, fighting against the Moors in Oran (1791); against the British (1798), who held him captive for more than a year; and against the Portuguese in the War of the Oranges (1801). He was made captain in 1804.

The turning point in San Martín's career came in 1808, following Napoleon's occupation of Spain and the subsequent patriotic uprising against the French there. For two years he served the Sevilla (Seville) junta that was conducting the war on behalf of the imprisoned Spanish king Ferdinand VII. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel for his conduct in the Battle of Bailén (1808) and was elevated to command of the Sagunto Dragoons after the Battle of Albuera (1811). Instead of taking up his new post, he sought permission to go to Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru, but traveled by way of London to Buenos Aires, which had become the principal centre of resistance in South America to the Sevilla junta and its successor, the Cádiz-based Council of Regency. There, in the year 1812, San Martín was given the task of organizing a corps of grenadiers against the Spanish royalists centred in Peru who threatened the revolutionary government in Argentina.

One possible explanation for this startling change of allegiance on the part of a soldier who had sworn fealty to Spain is that it was prompted by British sympathizers with the independence movement in Spanish America and that San Martín was recruited through the agency of James Duff, 4th earl of Fife, who had fought in Spain (and who caused San Martín to be made a freeman of Banff, Scotland). In later years, San Martín averred that he had sacrificed his career in Spain because he had responded to the call of his native land, and this is the view taken by Argentinian historians. Undoubtedly, peninsular Spanish prejudice against anyone born in the Indies must have rankled throughout his career in Spain and caused him to identify himself with the creole revolutionaries.

In the service of the Buenos Aires government, San Martín distinguished himself as a trainer and leader of soldiers, and, after winning a skirmish against loyalist forces at San Lorenzo, on the right bank of the Paraná River (February 3, 1813), he was sent to Tucumán to reinforce, and ultimately replace, Gen. Manuel Belgrano, who was being hard pressed by forces of the viceroy of Peru. San Martín recognized that the Río de la Plata provinces would never be secure so long as the royalists held Lima, but he perceived the military impossibility of reaching the centre of viceregal power by way of the conventional overland route through Upper Peru (modern Bolivia). He therefore quietly prepared the masterstroke that was his supreme contribution to the liberation of southern South America. First, he disciplined and trained the army around Tucumán so that, with the assistance of gaucho guerrilleros, they would be capable of a holding operation. Then, on the pretense of ill health, he got himself appointed governor intendant of the province of Cuyo, the capital of which was Mendoza, the key to the routes across the Andes. There, he set about creating an army that would link up overland with the soldiers of the patriotic government in Chile and then proceed by sea to attack Peru.

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José de San Martín, (born February 25, 1778, Yapeyú, viceroyalty of Río de la Plata [now in Argentina]-died August 17, 1850, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France), Argentine soldier, statesman, and national hero who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821).

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1822 Brazil Revolution Leaders Article and Essay

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1822 Brazil Revolution Leaders Article and Essay

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Dom Pedro was the founder and First emperor of Brazil. Son of King John VI, he fled Portugal with the royal family to Brazil. He issued Declaration of Independence of Brazil on September 7th, 1822. He lost popularity after dissolving the body of the exiled leader, José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva. He tried to regain popularity, but to no avail. His father later died, and he took control of Portugal. He died of natural causes in Brazil while claiming his daughter.

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Pedro II: Pedro II, second and last emperor of Brazil (1831-89), whose benevolent and popular reign lasted nearly 50 years.