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The Dagami Revolt (1567–1568) was an earliest uprising led by the Visayan chieftain Dagami in Leyte, Philippines, against Spanish colonial forces. The revolt was spurred by local resistance to Spanish rule, particularly due to exploitation and imposition of tribute on indigenous communities. Dagami and his followers aimed to reclaim autonomy and resist the forced labor and cultural impositions brought by the Spanish. Despite their efforts, Spanish forces ultimately subdued the revolt, using it as a justification to further consolidate control over the region. The Dagami Revolt is one of the earliest recorded acts of Filipino resistance to Spanish colonization.

Primary Source

William Henry Scott's 1992 essay "Why did tupas betray Dagami"

References

University of San Carlos. (n.d.). Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. University of San Carlos Press. https://usc.edu.ph/book/philippine-quarterly-of-culture-and-society

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The Igorot Revolt, which took place mainly between 1600 and 1601, was a heartfelt resistance by the Igorot people in the Philippines against American colonial rule. After the Spanish-American War, the U.S. took control of the Philippines, creating significant tensions with indigenous groups, especially the Igorots in northern Luzon.

The revolt arose from deep-seated grievances over American policies, land disputes, and new taxation systems. The Igorots, fiercely proud of their traditions, resisted the imposition of foreign governance and education, viewing these changes as threats to their way of life and cultural identity.

The conflict saw various skirmishes, and the U.S. military responded with force, sending troops to suppress the rebellion. This resulted in tragic loss of life and suffering among the Igorot communities.

In the aftermath, the U.S. established a more structured administration, often disregarding the desires and needs of the Igorot people. The revolt served as a poignant reminder of the struggles of indigenous peoples against colonial powers, highlighting their resilience and the enduring fight for their rights and identity.

Primary Source

•Ramirez y Compañia in the book of “Diario De Manila”

References

Khan, R. (2019) . “Diario De Manila” . Scribd Company. https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/diario-de-manila/167616197

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The Igorot Revolt, which took place mainly between 1600 and 1601, was a heartfelt resistance by the Igorot people in the Philippines against American colonial rule. After the Spanish-American War, the U.S. took control of the Philippines, creating significant tensions with indigenous groups, especially the Igorots in northern Luzon.

The revolt arose from deep-seated grievances over American policies, land disputes, and new taxation systems. The Igorots, fiercely proud of their traditions, resisted the imposition of foreign governance and education, viewing these changes as threats to their way of life and cultural identity.

The conflict saw various skirmishes, and the U.S. military responded with force, sending troops to suppress the rebellion. This resulted in tragic loss of life and suffering among the Igorot communities.

In the aftermath, the U.S. established a more structured administration, often disregarding the desires and needs of the Igorot people. The revolt served as a poignant reminder of the struggles of indigenous peoples against colonial powers, highlighting their resilience and the enduring fight for their rights and identity.

Primary Source

• "The Igorot: A Study of the People of the Cordillera" by Robert B. Fox

References

Limos, M. (2020). "The untold story of the Igorot's Revolt". Esquire Philippines. https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/the-untold-story-of-the-igorots-revolt-a00293-20201023-lfrm?s=r1pfeco58ptsagdqcpf3e8jkgm

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The Malong Revolt was a rebellion in Pangasinan against Spanish colonial rule. Its leader, Andres Malong, gathered local support and declared himself King of Pangasinan. However, his reign proved brief. As his support base crumbled with many followers deserting him, Spanish forces were able to capture and execute him.

The spirit of resistance continued through Juan dela Cruz Palaris, who originated from Binalatongan. He initiated a second phase of the uprising. In response to the unrest, Spanish authorities examined the grievances of the local population and forced the alcalde-mayor (provincial governor) of Pangasinan to step down. Despite this concession, the people of Pangasinan maintained their resistance. The uprising ultimately ended in defeat in March 1764, with Palaris being captured and executed by hanging.

Primary Sources

ALetters and reports from Spanish officials to the Governor-General in Manila

Trial records of Andres Malong

Reference

Javier, A. G. (2024). Malong. Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/239411317/Malong

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In 1663, a native revolt with religious overtones was led by Tapar in Oton, Iloilo. He was a Visayan Babaylan, native of Panay & sorcerer who was a new convert to Catholicism. He founded a new heretic religion which was a modified form of Christianity. He proclaimed himself "God Almighty" and went around garbed in a woman's dress. Tapar's syncretic religion appropriated Catholic terminologies and ignored the Spanish priests because Tapar believed that they had their own "popes", "bishops", and "priests", as well as

"Jesus Christ", "Holy Ghost" and "Trinity" who could minister to them in their own nativistic ways.

The Spanish curate (Friar) assigned to the town of Oton, Friar Frau Francisco de Mesa, tried to persuade the people to go back to Christianity but he was killed in the process. Tapar's group burned the church and the priests house, and fled to the mountains. Spanish troops were sent to Oton and by employing hired spies, the Spaniards caught up with the principal leaders who, in the process of fighting back, were killed. Their corpses were carried back to the port of lloilo, and then fastened to bamboo poles in the Halawod (Jalaur) River to be fed on by crocodiles. The woman who was named as the group's "Blessed Virgin Mary" (Maria Santisima) was mercilessly impaled on a bamboo stake and placed strategically at the mouth of the Laglag (now Dueñas) River to be eaten also by crocodiles. By 1664, as claimed by the Spaniards, peace had returned to Oton. (Agoncillo 1979, Zaide 1957).

Primary Sources

• Spanish colonial documents

• Church records

• Writings from Spanish friars

• Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain

• The National Library of the Philippines

References

Bridging the Gap

https://www.thenewstoday.info/2007/02/09/the.tapar.uprising.in.oton.iloilo.html

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The Palaris Revolt, also known as the Pangasinan Revolt, was a significant event in the history of the Philippines. It was a rebellion that occurred in 1762, led by Juan dela Cruz Palaris in Binalatongan, Pangasinan. The revolt started as a protest against the Spanish government’s imposition of tributes on the local people, but it soon escalated into a full-blown rebellion that lasted for two years.Juan dela Cruz Palaris, a native of Binalatongan, led a revolt in 1762 against Spanish authorities in protest of oppressive tribute demands. Inspired by the British capture of Manila, Palaris and his followers expelled the Spaniards from Lingayen, allowing the province two years of autonomy from Spanish rule. However, the rebellion ended with Palaris's capture and execution, after which Spanish officials renamed Binalatongan as "San Carlos" to erase memories of the uprising. The Palaris Revolt was a powerful statement of Filipino resistance, revealing deep resentment toward colonial oppression and inspiring future struggles for independence, including the Philippine Revolution of 1896.

Primary Sources

Spanish Colonial Government Reports and

Correspondence

Legal and Judicial Proceedings

National Archives of the Philippines (NAP)

Royal Orders and Edicts on Tribute Collection

Reference

Sandoval, M. (2023, March 8). The Palaris Revolt: A significant event in Pangasinan history. Our Pangasinan. https://www.ourpangasinan.com/history/the-palaris-revolt-a-significant-event-in-pangasinan-history/

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The Batanes Revolt of 1791 was a significant uprising in the Philippines, specifically in the Batanes Islands. It was primarily fueled by the local populace's dissatisfaction with Spanish colonial rule, particularly due to oppressive policies and heavy taxation. The revolt was led by local leaders who sought to reclaim their autonomy.

The uprising was ultimately suppressed by Spanish forces, resulting in harsh reprisals against the rebels. Despite its failure, the revolt highlighted the growing unrest in various regions of the Philippines under colonial governance. This event is often noted in the broader context of resistance against colonial rule in the archipelago.

Primary Source

• Ateneo De Manila University “The Philippine Studies”

Reference

Hornedo, F. (2009). “Review: Batanes, 1686-1898: History of an attempt to Change a culture”. Journal Articles.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/42632669

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The Bancao Revolt was an early religious uprising against Spanish colonial authority in what is now Leyte, Philippines. The rebellion was led by Datu Bancao of Kan Gara (modern-day Carigara).

Initially, Bancao had a cordial relationship with the Spanish, having hosted Miguel López de Legazpi upon his arrival in 1565. Though Bancao had converted to Christianity in his early years, he later rejected the faith. Together with a babaylan (religious leader) named Pagali, he constructed a temple dedicated to a diwata (local deity) and mobilized six towns to rebel.

The uprising shared similarities with the Tamblot Uprising, as Pagali employed mystical practices to gain followers. He claimed they could transform Spanish soldiers into clay simply by throwing dirt at them.

To quell the rebellion, Governor-General Alonso Fajardo de Entenza dispatched Juan de Alcarazo, the alcalde mayor of Cebu, with a combined force of Spanish and Filipino troops. The revolt's suppression was brutal: Bancao was decapitated and his head displayed publicly on a bamboo pole. His son was also beheaded, while one babaylan was executed by burning. Three other rebels faced death by firing squad.

Some historical sources identify this as the first documented rebellion against foreign colonization in the Philippines. While commonly dated to 1621-1622, these dates are debated since Carigara was Christianized shortly after Magellan's arrival in Limasawa in 1521. Some scholars suggest the revolt may have occurred in the late 1500s instead.

Primary Sources

Official correspondence between Governor-General Alonso Fajardo de Entenza and the Spanish Crown

Reports from Juan de Alcarazo as alcalde mayor of Cebu

Catholic missionary records and letters (particularly from missionaries in Leyte)

References

Fobe Lpt Nudalo. (2024). bankao revolt. Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/presentation/491265498/bankao-revolt

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The Dagohoy Revolt began in Bohol on January 24 1744, led by Francisco Dagohoy.  This revolt is unique since it is the only Philippine Revolt completely related to matters of religious customs, although unlike the Tamblot Uprising before it, it is not a complete religious rebellion.  The revolt was sparked by a priest’s refusal to grant a Christian burial to Dagohoy’s brother, igniting what would become the longest-running revolt in Philippine history, lasting 85 years.In the process, he stopped paying tribute to the Spaniards and refused to render the required "forced" labor. He also called upon his relatives, friends and the other residents to do the same and fight for their freedom.

Being so infuriated with the priest, he instigated the people to rise in arms. The signal of the uprising was the killing of Father Giuseppe Lamberti, Italian Jesuit curate of Jagna on January 24, 1744. Twenty governors-general, from Juan Arrechederra to Mariano Ricafort Palacn y Ararca, failed to stop the revolt. Ricafort himself sent a force of 2,200 troops to Bohol, which was defeated by Palumpong followers. Another attack, also sent by Ricafort in 1828 and 1829, failed as well. Although Dagohoy died two years before the revolt concluded in 1829, the uprising finally ended with the pardon of around 19,000 surviving rebels, who were later resettled in new Boholano communities: namely, the present-day towns of Balilihan, Batuan, Bilar (Vilar), Catigbian and Sevilla (Cabulao).

Primary Sources

"Blair and Robertson’s The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898"

Local Historical Documents in Bohol and Filipino Archives

Church Records and Ecclesiastical Archives

References

Amino Apps. (n.d.). Spanish colonial era pt. 2. Retrieved November 3, 2024, from https://aminoapps.com/c/philippineamino/page/item/spanish-colonial-era-pt-2/8BmB_X36CXIjJJ28Vvaa82Ddzblwo8XjnZv

Connexions. (n.d.). Philippine revolts against Spain. Retrieved November 3, 2024, from https://www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/CxP-Philippine_Revolts_Against_Spain.htm?fbclid=IwY2xjawGUFZ1leHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHeHLp-GHy7ORQQx0-UxvmVjulmmq6FBhI0HgrdQ0epYgrFD3bgAP5sj4XA_aem_BZ0kqQg1ufUrQkF4sBrIqQ

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The Cavite Mutiny was a short-lived uprising on January 20, 1872, by Filipino soldiers and workers at the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines. The mutiny arose from grievances over poor working conditions and the sudden imposition of new taxes on Filipino soldiers and laborers, who had previously been exempt. Angered by these changes, the workers and soldiers staged a protest, which escalated into a violent conflict.

Spanish authorities quickly suppressed the mutiny but presented it as part of a larger anti-colonial plot to overthrow Spanish rule. In response, the Spanish government arrested and executed three prominent Filipino priests—Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, collectively known as Gomburza—accusing them of involvement in the conspiracy. Their execution deeply shocked the Filipino community and fueled nationalist sentiments, becoming a symbol of resistance against colonial rule and inspiring future revolutionaries, including Dr. Jose Rizal, to fight for independence.

Primary Sources

Account of Josh Montero y Vidal

Account of Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera

Official Report on the Cavite Mutiny

References

National Historical Commission of the Philippines. (n.d.). The two faces of the 1872 Cavite mutiny. National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from https://web.archive.org/web/20211124105729/https://nhcp.gov.ph/the-two-faces-of-the-1872-cavite-mutiny/