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it was developed in the Early 20th century

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was developed in the 19th century

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Conflict Theory: Developed in the 19th century and Karl Marx argued competition over limited resources in society.

Max Webber (1864–1920): Theory of Bureaucracy: There are three sources of conflict: economic, social, and political. There is competition between social groups (as power dynamics between rich and poor)

Talcott Parsons (1902–1979): Believed conflict did not affect social relations and conflict must be overwhelming to be exceptional.

Ralf Dahrendorf (1929-2009): conflicts of interest cause conflicts with groups as authority.

A Good Book, In Theory: Alan Sears and James Cairns notes the financial crisis of 2008 being inevitable because of the instability and inequality of the global economic system. Large banks and institutions took huge risks and rewarded a selective group.

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Conflict sociology has been significant in providing insight on the existence and perpetuation of social inequality, such as economic class, race, gender and sexuality while each intersects to create complex systems of oppression and power dynamics. In exploring the dominant groups exercising various forms of control in power, resources, institutions and ideologies, conflict sociology highlights the conflict and struggle in driving social change. It recognizes the reoccurring tensions and conflicts between the completing groups. Conflict sociology has seens the alienation and social disconnection caused by the division of labor, exploitation and commodification of social relationships leading to powerlessness and isolation as anomie (normlessness and moral confusion) occurs when people disconnect their personal morals from societal expectations.

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founder of Functionalism; known for his work in the collective consciousness, or the shared way of thinking. He discovered that an imbalanced society can cause for individuals to become suicidal, seeing how individualistic acts like suicide can be understood due to social patterns and structures.

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Auguste Comte (1798–1857): Father of Positivism and saw traditions diminishing when trying to unify society. He suggested three stages of development (or the Law of 3 Stages): Theological stage, metaphysical stage, and positive or scientific stage.

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903): the human body's structure function independently and help the body survive; social structures also preserve a society. He used evolution and concluded that society is facing selection pressures (internal and external) to adapt its structure, but there is no struggle for resources.

Talcott Parsons (December 13, 1902 – May 8, 1979): Believed society was a complex system made up of several stratified layers; argued that institutions and society performed specific functions necessary to maintain the community as a whole.

Davis and Moore (1945): The Davis-Moore Hypothesis for social stratification seeing "functional necessity" where the highest incomes were given to the hardest jobs, as inequality allowed social stability.

Robert Merton (1910-2003): Theory of deviance; Made distinctions between manifest and latent functions, as latent functions had unrecognized and unintended consequences. Believed in 5 situations facing people: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.

Almond and Powell (1970s): State-society theory and dependence thery, where policial systems required socialization, values and beliefs succeeding generations.

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Emile Durkheim (father of Functionalism): 1858-1917
Talcott Parsons (December 13, 1902 – May 8, 1979)
Robert K. Merton (1910-2003)
Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903)
Bronislaw Malinowsk (1884-1942)

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Aruged that not every structure, belief or idea has a positive function; not all parts of a complex society function in unity as structures are not functional for a society as a whole.

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status, power, control, groups, struggles, race, poverty

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Symbolic interaction theory seeks to understand the complexity of people's relationship with their society by their intra and interpersonal communication.

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Signature Discoveries and Major Theories

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Signature Discoveries and Major Theories

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Role theory involves the cultural aspects of a society and the interactions of a society categorizing people's activities as either within the norms and roles a person has to fill. The founders of the theory are  Ralph Linton (sociology) and George Herbert Mead (social psychology). David Heise in the 1970s sought to understand individuals and groups in the context of their culture by seeing how people regulate their social identities through emotions and meanings, as the person strives to maintain a stable sense of self and identity. Identity theory allows for people to maintain their sense of identity and self-concept through their participation in various social groups as they develop social interactions, roles and relationships.

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George Herbert Mead (1863–1931)
Herbert Blumer (March 7, 1900 – April 13, 1987)

Additional theorists:
Charles Horton Cooley  (August 17, 1864 – May 7, 1929)
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
William Isaac Thomas (August 13, 1863 – December 5, 1947)

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Davis-Moore hypothesis (Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore)

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Davis-Moore hypothesis (Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore)

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Theory of Social Stratification: believed certain tasks in society hold more importance than other and should have a higher reward value (ie. higher pay). They argued social stratification acting as a phenomenon both natural and positive in a society.

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A perspective that emphasizes the inequalities (social, political, etc) of a social group. Stresses that we as a society must be aware of the struggles between different groups.

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"Founding Father"
Differed from Karl Marx in that he focused on non-economic dimensions of social stratification.
Weber focused on social class, status, and power as the non-economic dimensions.
This theory was developed around 1905.

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Key Figure: Karl Marx (founder of the conflict perspective)

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Key Figure: Karl Marx (founder of the conflict perspective)

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Key Figure: Max Weber (Theory of Bureaucracy)

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Key Figure: Max Weber (Theory of Bureaucracy)

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Looks at the bigger picture - analysis from an outside perspective

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How do the structures of a society change over time? How does a productive society function under social structures and systems? How can functionalism challenge inequality maintained by powerful people?

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Looks at the bigger picture - analysis from an outside perspective

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Looks at the smaller picture - focuses on individuals within their own social settings - smallest level of analysis

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How do social interactions change across situations between people?

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Structures, Functions, Stability, Disruptions, Intended (function), Unintended (function)

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Meaning, "Right" vs "Wrong", attitudes, beliefs, values, and roles

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Contributed the ideas of the "I" and the "me" = theory of self.
He developed his theory of self in 1934.

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How do social interactions change across situations between people?

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How does interaction between people's communities and environments impact someone's worldview? How do people connect with one another and find unity under a purpose?

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Each social group has structures for a certain function
Dysfunctions act as disruptions in society that threaten social stability. They can be on large or small scales (ie. crime, theft, etc...)

Manifest Functions: intended social functions the institution was designed to serve.
Latent functions: unintended social functions in the social institution that are good and useful, but not the intention/reason why the social group exists

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Structures of a society can change over time by dysfunctional activities that threaten community's/groups and are controlled or limited. 

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Structures of a society can change over time by dysfunctional activities that threaten community's/groups and are controlled or limited. 

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Peoples actions that are based on the actions meaning and how it attributes to others in a society

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Structures and functions help upkeep the society or group’s system, maintaining stability by working together and serving their roles

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How does social inequality/inequity established in a society? How does a society reinforce inequality through systems of power? How are other generations influenced by social bias?