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重用膠袋的例子。

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不使用膠袋的例子．

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This article provides a case study of place-based sustainability education on the use of plastic bags in a wet market in Hong Kong. We organised two field trips and engaged 20 students in conducting both quantitative and qualitative research in the wet market to examine single-use plastic consumption. Our research has found that at least 1 million plastic bag is consumed on a daily basis in all the wet markets in the city of Hong Kong. Qualitatively, we found that some of the vendors may use plastic bags as a sale strategy and to engage with customers in conversations. In contrast to the conventional schooling that promote sustainability or plastic reduction in a very abstract sense, the place-based education we attempted aims to critically rethink the concept and knowledge of sustainability in ways that also empathize with the local tradition, and remain critical of modern corporate branding, and modernization discourse. The paper ends with a discussion on reflecting plastic use in traditional wet markets in contrast with chained supermarket shifting to more plastic pre-packages.

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By Ka-Ming Wu, Chris King-Chi Chan, Sin-Yuk Chan and Ka Wai Yung

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By Ka-Ming Wu, Chris King-Chi Chan, Sin-Yuk Chan and Ka Wai Yung

Link to the JSE Winter 2023 Issue Table of Contents Wu Chan Chan Yung JSE General March 2023 PDF
Abstract: This article provides a case study of place-based sustainability education on the use of plastic bags in a wet market in Hong Kong. We organised two field trips and engaged 20 students in conducting both quantitative and qualitative research in the wet market to examine single-use plastic consumption. Our research has found that at least 1 million plastic bag is consumed on a daily basis in all the wet markets in the city of Hong Kong. Qualitatively, we found that some of the vendors may use plastic bags as a sale strategy and to engage with customers in conversations. In contrast to the conventional schooling that promote sustainability or plastic reduction in a very abstract sense, the place-based education we attempted aims to critically rethink the concept and knowledge of sustainability in ways that also empathize with the local tradition, and remain critical of modern corporate branding, and modernization discourse. The paper ends with a discussion on reflecting plastic use in traditional wet markets in contrast with chained supermarket shifting to more plastic pre-packages.
Keywords: Plastic use, wet markets, place-based sustainability education, Hong Kong, Asia
A radical change against excessive consumption of plastic is vital to any real progress for a sustainable future. The question remains how. Mobilizing mass change in consumer behaviors has never been easy. Plastic has been ingrained into modern daily life so much that it is impossible to avoid. In view of this, some in the education sector are proposing a heuristic education approach, which is to mobilize people from within and empower them to become agents of change (Zsóka, Szerényi, Széchy & Kocsis, 2013; Boyes, Skamp & Stanisstreet, 2021; Hensley, 2017). This paper examines the potentials of place-based education in relation to sustainability to fight plastic consumption in the context of Asian wet markets. We describe how we deployed this approach to engage students in the city of Hong Kong, where over 2000 tons of plastics are sent to landfills every day, with the exact proportion of plastic bags in it unknown (Environmental Protection Department, 2021). In this paper, we document two fieldtrips in which twenty students stood by individual market vendors for more than twenty hours to count the number of plastic bags used on two normal business days. Students also conducted nine interviews with vendors and customers on their perception of giving and taking plastic bags. Lastly, we conducted de-briefing sessions with students and asked about their reflections on the processes in relation to plastic reduction. Our major findings include a quantitative count of plastic bags consumed in a Hong Kong wet market as well as qualitative inquiries into the consumption patterns of plastic bags. We will also elaborate on the effects of heuristic education approach in engaging students for a more empathetic engagement with the problem.
Heuristic Approaches in Sustainability Education
Environmental educators in Europe, US and the international eco-village movements have been developing pedagogies that focus on building capacities for actions and social transformations. Many put emphasis on engaging learners instead of spoon-feeding knowledge (Gruenewald & Smith, 2008; Somerville et al., 2011). These approaches, varying in forms and names, often motivate learners to explore on their own for knowledge and social transformation. There are for instance, experiential learning, community-based education, problem-based learning, learner-centered education, learner-driven education, and place-based education (Gruenewald, 2003; Herranen, Vesterinen & Aksela, 2018). This paper uses our case study in the wet market in Hong Kong to contribute to the current discussions on learner-driven education and place-based education.

Learner-driven education is one of the emerging approaches in the field of sustainable development education. At the moment there is no strict definition of the term. Educators would usually attribute the following qualities to it: teacher acts as a facilitator in a suitable learning environment; learners could take part in deciding what to learn; both could freely explore key concepts related to sustainability in the process (Herranen, Vesterinen & Aksela, 2018). This approach challenges the traditional settings in education as there will not be a set curriculum and course content to limit the learners. The learning itself becomes a free and self-empowering exploration of a topic. Place-based education, on the other hand, empowers learners by contextualizing the learning of sustainable development in actual life places, connecting experiences and knowledge. As David Gruenewald highlighted, place-based education is liberating in that it works against the current standardized education models which wipe away geographical and cultural diversities and alienate students from their own communities (2003a). By extending the classroom into the actual places of happenings, learners get to explore out of their own learning motives and to nurture senses of responsibilities for the communities via actual experiences. It is seen as a way to build agency for actions and change (Grenewald, 2003b; Herranen, Vesterinen & Aksela, 2018).

Learner-driven education and place-based education share the common concerns of engaging students and opening up the teaching process for explorative and iterative learning. Both aim at building capacities and agency in students for the sake of social transformations. In the case we are presenting below, which is an educational fieldtrip engaging students in a wet market in Hong Kong for studies on plastic bag usage, we adopt the framework of place-based education to open up for learners to drive their own way through for iterative learning. We will explicate the case in the following sections (Gruenewald, 2002; Haas & Nachtigal, 1998; Herranen, Vesterinen & Aksela, 2018; Smith, 2002; Theobald & Curtiss, 2000). Current studies on place-based education often focus on teachings related to ecology and environmental conservation, and most of them are based on the experiences from the Global North or international eco-village movement (Ark, Liebtag & McClennen, 2020; Smith & Sobel, 2010; Gruenewald & Smith, 2008). Studies showed that learners are more motivated in thinking about conservation if they have in their hearts a deep respect for, and connection, with nature (Gruenewald, 2003a). Students are often led to beautiful nature spaces and experience their nurturing. In contrasts, our case placed students in a Hong Kong wet market, which was dirty, smelly, and quite "bloody." Our case will broaden the geographical and cultural spectrum of place-based education on sustainability. Can students make a connection with sustainability while counting the excessive use of plastic bags? Can they develop a better consciousness on plastic pollution? Does witnessing the scale of plastic pollution help with their motivation for plastic reduction in the future?

On top of contributing to the discussion of applying and developing a heuristic approach in sustainability, this case study also contributes to plastic reduction discussion in the context of Asia. It is no longer news that the number of plastics on planet earth has reached a critical stage. Plastic is accounting for at least 85% of the total marine wastes, causing physiological stress to marine life habitats and affecting the resilience of ecosystem. The ingestion of microplastic via seafood is also imposing threats to human health (United Nations Environment Programme, 2021). Most of the unwanted plastic - single-use plastic bags, take-away food wares, and synthetic products of the like - end up in landfills and then entered the natural environment as only 10% of discarded plastic is recycled, according to a research report about the life cycle of plastics from 1950s to 2017 (Geyer, Jambeck & Law, 2017). Although more than 60 nations are adopting bans and putting levies on the use of plastic bags or other plastic products in the past twenty years, the amount of plastic wastes continues to rise (United Nations Environment Programme, 2021).

Current discussion on plastic reduction rarely touches on cases of wet markets in the context of Asia. This paper looks into the wet market in Hong Kong where hundreds and thousands of residents do groceries on a daily basis. But instead of telling students about plastic reduction in the abstract sense, we embrace and apply Gruenewald's notion that place-consciousness means learning to reinhabit our communities in ways that allow for more sustainable relationship. We chose the wet market because it is a unique place where the forces of "urbanization, racism, classism, sexism, environmentalism, global economics, and other political themes" intersect (Herranen, Vesterinen & Aksela, 2018; Gruenewald, 2003a). In wet markets of Hong Kong, domestic helpers from Indonesia and the Philippines, middle class grocery shoppers and vendors not only conduct grocery transaction but engage in every day conversation of cooking, child caring, inflation and other topics. At the same time, the wet market is also where meat, fish and chickens are freshly cut up and wrapped in many, often small and thinner, single use plastic bags. Hence, this research challenges our students to reflect on their "situationality" and opens discussions on the inter-relational, cultural and ecological dynamics of the ways we do groceries. It explores ways of thinking through sustainability education and plastic reductions in the Asian context where habits of grocery shopping is very different from the weekly supermarket shopping behaviors in the west. How can one think of plastic reduction in a very different cultural and historical context? Our case study shall shed light on it.
A Case in Hong Kong: Plastic Bags in Wet Market
The Hong Kong SAR government has been promoting waste recycling and reduction through setting up community recycling facilities and holding mass media campaigns for a few decades (News.gov.hk, 2013; Environmental Protection Department, 2020). In 2009, the government legislated a penalty policy on plastic bags, charging consumers fifty cents for each plastic bag they take from retailers. The policy's impact has diminished over the years as many consumers are increasingly willing to pay for a plastic bag. Big supermarket chains often exploit grey areas in the policy by using a huge amount of plastic pre-package. The policy has also exempted the use of plastic bags for wet food product, such as fresh meat, fish, frozen food, vegetables and fruits, for reasons of food hygiene (Environmental Protection Department, 2021). Therefore, the use of plastic bags in supermarkets, wet markets and small vendors is still very common in Hong Kong after years of implementing the plastic bag levies.

In 2021, we recruited a group of 20 students for field trips to a wet market in the vicinity of the university, sponsored by the Sustainable Development Goals Action Fund at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Our research team included 20 students, of which 12 from the Faculty of Social Science, 7 from the Faculty of Arts, and 1 from the Faculty of Medicine. Most of them lived in mainland China before coming and studying a master's degree in Hong Kong. There were a few Hong Kong local students too. Before the field trips, we prepared the students with a briefing session, introduced them to basic concepts of sustainable development, global trends in plastic reduction, as well as some background knowledge of current policies on plastic usage in Hong Kong. Each field trip lasted for 11 hours, from 8:30am to 7:30pm, covering the community's busiest hours. At the end of each day of counting and field observation, we gathered the students for a debriefing session and a group reflection on their observations and counting results.

Our aim was threefold. First, we wanted to know the exact numerical counts of single-use plastic bag use in an average wet market on a daily basis. Secondly, we want to observe the happenings in wet market transactions when plastic bags are handed and used. What are in the minds of the shop keepers and consumers? What are the cultural habits and values in giving away and taking plastic bags? Thirdly, we want to explore a heuristic approach to plastic waste reduction education. What can we, and the students, learn from plastic users' consumption patterns and consumers' perspectives? Existing literature on the topic is especially lacking. Hence, this research is a pilot project aimed to explore the feasibility of the reduction of plastic bag usage in Hong Kong wet markets. By observing how people cling to plastic bags use in wet markets, we hope to contribute to more efficient plastic reduction campaign in the context of Asia.
Research site: the Shatin Wet Market
The Shatin wet market is in the central area of the Shatin district in the New Territories of Hong Kong with a population of about 688,200 (Social Welfare Department, 2021). The market was part of an urban redevelopment project in the 1980s, which replaced the outdoor wet market with an indoor two-storey building with central ventilation facilities and a waste-collection system. Today, the Shatin market is in proximity with numerous shopping malls, supermarkets, restaurants, banks, even a cinema. The Shatin market is in a huge complex managed by the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department(FEHD) of the Hong Kong Government. There are two floors in the market. The first-floor houses 125 stalls, selling vegetables and fruits, and dry goods ranging from Chinese medicines, rice and nuts to household items like towels, watches and clothes. There is even a jewelry stall. The second floor has 28 stalls, most of which sell seafood, chicken and meat, either fresh or frozen. There are two stalls selling roast chicken and pork. Every day the market is crowded with housewives, migrant domestic workers and elderlies, travelling up and down the food stall alleys for fresh buys and good bargains.

Supermarket chains pride themselves over corporate responsibility and promoting sustainability, their products often come in multiple plastic packaging even though they brand their products as natural or organic. Last but not least, this paper considers the pedagogy of place-based education in reflecting on sustainability and social justice in urban spaces. In examining the wet market space in Hong Kong, our students thought about plastic reduction not in an abstract sense but started linking it in relation to corporate supermarket dominance, class inequality and preservation of traditional market space in Hong Kong. In observing how the wet market sells fish, vegetable and meat with no pre-packaging but uses lots of single use plastic bags at the end of the transaction, which is the opposite case in the supermarket chains, students are urged to think about plastic free campaigns contextually and strategically. They also suggested innovative solution in our debriefing session. In the end, the wet market gave all of us a very special and critical kind of place consciousness. It is one that reminds us of all these intimate community bonding that is no longer seen in a corporate, cold and purely transactional supermarket setting. For the last several decades, we have been taught that the modern supermarket symbolizes modernity as it is brightly lit, air conditioned, everything in packages and hence germ-free. The modern food industry taught us to reject our traditional marketplace and called the latter dirty, smelly and unorganized. The fieldtrip therefore reminded us of the tradition of food sold without plastic pre-packaging for decades and that has been people's wisdom of sustainability in many parts of Asia.

Our first field trip took place on a Saturday, 5th June, 2021. Students were divided into four groups, with five people in each group. We placed two groups on the first floor to count the number of plastic bags handed out and observe the transactions. We put the other two groups on the second floor for fish stalls, chicken stalls and meat stalls because they handed out even more plastic bags. Members of each group used a counting tally device and they had to report the numbers every 30 minutes. The second field trip took place on 9th June, 2021, Tuesday. Half of the students were assigned to conduct interviews and take videos, while the other half kept staying around the vendor stalls to observe and to count the number of plastic bags used.

The analysis that follows will elaborate on the research findings from the quantitative counting of plastic bag used in the research period, observations in the field, interviews with stall owners and consumers, and feedback collected from students during the de-briefing sessions and feedback form.

Our two days of field research gave us insights into the following findings. Quantitatively, we found that the number of single use plastic bag handed out in the Shatin Market is around 75000 pieces per day. If we make a logical deduction from this figure in Shatin, the number of single use plastic bag handed out in the 76 wet market complexes under FEHD in Hong Kong could add up to about 1,150,000 one day. This is a conservative estimation because we exclude supermarkets and wet markets managed outside of the FEHD system. If we take those into account, the number of single-use plastic bags consumed in Shatin or in Hong Kong as a whole will be even more.

These figures were collected by students holding counting tallies at the corners of four different types of stalls for two days, counting the plastic bags given out one by one by each stall in the wet market. We then multiply the average count by the total number of each type of stall and add together for a generic estimation of the total number in one single day. An approximate number of 6500 plastic bags was counted at fish stalls on the first day of field trips, the highest among all. Poultry stalls has given out 2300 plastic bags per day and came as the third highest figure among our findings. While it is understandable that single-use plastic bags are preferred when dealing with freshly cut fish and poultries to prevent blood and water dripping around, we are surprised to know the use of plastic bags reached the second highest number at vegetable stalls, with an approximation count of 5000 on the first day. In short, the vegetable stalls and fish stalls had the highest number of plastic bags used on both days.

Qualitatively, we have found the following observations. First, customers in Hong Kong preferred using one plastic bag for one small item. For instance, customers will take one plastic bag for one catty of green vegetable, another bag for two tomatoes, another for some raw pork, another bag for two small fishes, and one separate bag for some roast pork in a Styrofoam box. At the end of the first field trip, the majority of the students reported feeling shocked and angry about this plastic bag consumption pattern. "There is an excessive use of plastic bags! It is so common to see a bag inside another!" one student exclaimed after sharing what he saw at a stall selling soya bean curds, where the vendor sold five pieces of bean curds each in a separate plastic bag before wrapping them all in a bigger plastic bag. "Some customers brought their own shopping bag, but they kept putting plastic bags inside!" another student echoed. "Some people brought their own shopping cart. But inside the cart, there are dozens of plastic bags." Our students reflected this plastic bag phenomenon during the debriefing session (Table 1).

Secondly, we found that shopkeepers or staffs like to use plastic bags as part of their sales strategies. Many sellers would literally wave a fresh plastic bag in order to appeal to customers nearby. Once the customers stop and decide on the items they choose, these sellers would immediately wrap up the items in multiple bags before the customers reach for their purses. Our students have found that this could be a way to promote "good service." One student from the anthropology department shared, "maybe the vendors want to use these plastic bags to prove that they are generous with packaging and that there is no leakage issue." We observed this phenomenon of "plastic bags meaning good service" rather common among the vegetable vendors, especially those in the busiest alleys where several vendors competed with each other. (Table 1)

Last, we have found most of the plastic bags used for wrapping seafood, poultry, and meat could hardly be recycled. Fishmongers and butchers also like to cut up the items in front of customers to prove the food's freshness. The result is that plastic bag used is often holding a lot of blood and animal tissues. Customers who chatted with us said they would dispose of these dirty and blood stained single-use plastic bags after use.
Analysis: Place-based Learning From Judgmental to Empathetic
The findings from this pilot study were remarkable in terms of research design and nature as there was no similar data on the topic in current literature. The number of plastic bags counted and the ways they were transacted in the Shatin wet market could potentially act as a reference for similar studies in the future. Upon observations, most of the students were appalled and wanted to urge for changes or alternatives. During the two days of debriefing sessions, we the researchers observed the following pattern: students identified the problem of excessive plastic bag use; they judged that it is not right; they wanted to find out who was responsible. Initially, many of them have suggested that consumers should take up more responsibilities in reducing plastic bag use. Yet after a few rounds of discussion, students started to put themselves into the shoes of both the customers and the shopkeepers and reflect on several structural issues (Table 1).

Some students took the chance to observe the role of the vendors and showed empathy to their situations. One of the students said, "I would probably do the same if I were the vendors. There is a lot of competition. Many use plastic bags as a way to promote fresh food and good services." Another student shared critical reflections on the uniquely air-conditioned passageway of walking in Hong Kong. "Many families have to pass through shopping malls connected with transit terminals and travel on bus or subway home after the grocery trip. It is a common sense not to drop blood and water around in a shopping mall or on the subway. How could you hold fish and meat that is dripping on the way back home? And how can you do it when you are packed like sardine on a bus or train compartment full of people? People do not drive and do not have car trunk like the way Westerners do their groceries here. How can you not use plastic bag?" Raising these questions, students started to take into consideration of the urban design, public transit and the congested living condition of Hong Kong. One student reflected after interviewing with a customer, "some of them are actually quite conscious (environmentally). Some of them also brought containers to hold freshly cut meat and fish."

What is most interesting is that more than half of the students showed a positive appraisal to the unique wet market space and culture in Hong Kong. Many found the hustling wet market a place full of neighbor interactions, where vendors and customers often enjoyed casual conversations. Some of the vendors also mixed familial lives with the market setting, putting their kids at the stall for homework and care. Vendors and customers also build a good relationship with each other. Students have found the wet market a well-knitted community network that is warm and treasurable, as compared to the solely commercial nature of supermarket chains.

Some vendors were also willing to share their points of view on plastic reduction policies and the current habits of plastic bag usage with us. Some, however, looked at us with suspicion and feared that we were sent from the government to fine them for violating plastic bag regulation.

Wet markets in Hong Kong are one of the common sites of plastic bag pollutions but it is also a unique place of food consumption and transactions. Does the solution lie with erasing the local traditional marketplace and replace them with supermarkets? How can we innovate on plastic solution, wet market consumption and preserving community life at the same time? After two days of fieldtrip, many students are willing to look into the complexities of the problem instead of simply blaming the plastic bag users. We could see more critical thinking in students' reflections. Quite a few of them accepted the plastic bag users' points of view and tried to think about solutions that acknowledge these viewpoints. We found that students' act of reaching out to converse with customers is a major turning point. If they just stood around and counted the number of plastic bags, they may have remained judgmental and became annoyed by the counting of excessive plastic use. But once they started to do interviews with both vendors and customers, they were starting to re-consider factors related to hygiene, efficiency and the city space. Most interestingly, the majority of the students came to reflect their own consumption patterns at the end of the de-briefing. Some said, "I am actually like most customers before this study. I would use a lot of plastic bags unconsciously (Table 1)." In the end, the 2-day fieldtrip serves as a mirror in which student participants found their own image from the collective unconscious of the daily buying and selling. Many of them started to feel an urge to change and explore new ways on plastic reduction.
Plastic use in wet markets Table 1 PDF Conclusion
This paper considers sustainability education in plastic reduction in the local Hong Kong context of a wet market. It argues that the wet market can be a great place where students reflect upon the concept of sustainability in a very critical and localized manner. Through sending students to a wet market to count the number of single use plastic bags, our research has found not only an unbearable amount of plastic use and waste on a daily basis in the city of Hong Kong, it has also motivated critical reflections among our students on the ways in which local wet market culture, plastic use and our city space are closely intertwined.

In a wet market space, there is little food packaging as most produce is fresh, stacked up and not wrapped in any plastic. There, plastic use is much less about pre-packaging but serves as a final transit process. The single use plastic bags enable working citizens to shop and commute efficiently in the Hong Kong urban space of malls and subways. Unlike in supermarket chains where almost all produce is heavily plastic wrapped or sealed, small business vendors in the wet market could at most "wave" a plastic bag to promote their produce or service quality. In this way, plastic bag use is about maintaining urban etiquette, enabling small business vendors to provide grocery services while earning a profit. Last, our students have found a lot of community connections across class and ethnicities in a wet market space. Domestic helpers from the Philippines and Indonesia, lower class janitors, middle class local housewives, and vendors mingle a lot and build a friendly community bond here beyond grocery transactions. Students also observed that some customers were increasingly aware of the plastic problems and brought along their own bags and containers to shop.

The research prompts one to reflect critically on plastic reduction campaigns and sustainability education in a non-western urban but traditional market context. How can one think about effective plastic reduction in a traditional space like the wet market where small and independent business dominate and food is sold without pre-packaging? While big corporates or supermarket chains pride themselves over corporate responsibility and promoting sustainability, their products often come in multiple plastic packaging even though they brand their products as natural or organic. Last but not least, this paper considers the pedagogy of place-based education in reflecting on sustainability and social justice in urban spaces. In examining the wet market space in Hong Kong, our students thought about plastic reduction not in an abstract sense but started linking it in relation to corporate supermarket dominance, class inequality and preservation of traditional market space in Hong Kong. In observing how the wet market sells fish, vegetable and meat with no pre-packaging but uses lots of single use plastic bags at the end of the transaction, which is the opposite case in the supermarket chains, students are urged to think about plastic free campaigns contextually and strategically. For instance, student reflected how it could be hard for ordinary people and domestic helpers living in small apartments in Hong Kong to practice drying up wet and used plastic bags. They also observed a high level of social interactions in the grocery transaction, usually absent in the chained super market setting. In the end, the wet market gave all of us a very special and critical kind of place consciousness. It is one that reminds us of all these intimate community bonding that is no longer seen in a corporate, cold and purely transactional supermarket setting. For the last several decades, we have been taught that the modern supermarket symbolizes modernity as it is brightly lit, air conditioned, everything in packages and hence germ-free. The modern food industry taught us to reject our traditional marketplace and called the latter dirty, smelly and unorganized. The fieldtrip therefore reminded us of the tradition of food sold without plastic pre-packaging for decades and that has been people's wisdom of sustainability in many parts of Asia.

The wet market fieldtrip as a place-conscious education ultimately reminds us of a plastic -free market communities that existed before the invention of plastic. The challenge now is to think about plastic bag reduction at the final step of transporting food from market to home. So, in contrast to the conventional schooling that promote sustainability or plastic reduction in a very abstract sense, the place-based education we attempted aims to critically rethink the concept and knowledge of sustainability in ways that also empathize with the local tradition, and remain critical of modern corporate branding, and modernity imagination (Yip & Lam, 2000; Tsui, 2022). While connecting to the people and appreciating the traditional market space, we however ask our students not to be just nostalgic of the past but began to understand the modern corporate discourse of shaping our places and develop an environmental consciousness for action.

Last, our students have been instrumental in putting together an electronic Padlet platform that visualize our research finding and quantitative data of plastic bags counted for public viewing. The research later received more publicity as a local newspaper Mingpao picked up our research amidst the heated public discussion of plastic bag levies and national plastic reduction campaigns in China (Centre for Social Innovation Studies (CUHK) & Centre for Cultural Studies (CUHK), 2021; Wu et al., 2021). This pilot research will serve as a pilot for our next assignment that will train students into environmental communicators or change makers in the wet market setting, hoping to persuade both vendors and shoppers to use less single-use plastic. In our future research, we will also explore design solution so that students will come up with concrete suggestions or investigation into plastic use in grocery shopping in a highly dense, hygienic and urban Hong Kong, while also hoping to preserve the traditional wet market spaces.
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Wu, K.M., Chan, K.C., Chan, S.Y., Ho, Y.T. & Yung, K.W. (2021, November 7). What to do? Up to a million of plastic bags consumed in wet markets per day. https://news.mingpao.com/pns/%E5%89%AF%E5%88%8A/article/20211107/s00005/1636221804307/%E5%91%A8%E6%97%A5%E8%A9%B1%E9%A1%8C-%E8%B2%B7%E9%A4%B8%E8%86%A0%E8%A2%8B%E6%AF%8F%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%8A%E7%99%BE%E8%90%AC-%E9%BB%9E%E6%A8%A3%E6%B8%9B
(胡嘉明、陳敬慈、陳倩玉、何宇霆 & 翁加惠。（2021, 十一月七日）。買餸膠袋每日上百萬點樣減?。https://news.mingpao.com/pns/%E5%89%AF%E5%88%8A/article/20211107/s00005/1636221804307/%E5%91%A8%E6%97%A5%E8%A9%B1%E9%A1%8C-%E8%B2%B7%E9%A4%B8%E8%86%A0%E8%A2%8B%E6%AF%8F%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%8A%E7%99%BE%E8%90%AC-%E9%BB%9E%E6%A8%A3%E6%B8%9B )

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Plastic use in wet markets: A case of place-based sustainability education in Hong Kong

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By Ka-Ming Wu, Chris King-Chi Chan, Sin-Yuk Chan and Ka Wai Yung Link to the JSE Winter 2023 Issue Table of Contents Wu Chan Chan Yung JSE General March 2023 PDF Abstract: This article provides a case study of place-based sustainability education on the use of plastic bags in a wet market in Hong Kong.

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• 反思塑膠使用量背後的文化因素
• 思考塑膠升級再造新可能
• 整理資料和製作資訊圖(infographics)
• 創作招牌表揚「減塑社區達人」招牌, 表揚具有減塑意識的街巿檔販/超巿/商店
• 重訪社區, 向相關的街巿檔販/超巿/ 商店贈予招牌

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Workshop 2:
由兩所本地環保機構分享推動減塑、組織倡議工作的經驗。學員將練習以Impact Gap Canvas分析現時的政策和倡議，辨識潛在的發展方向。
講者：Leanne (綠色和平)、朱漢強 (綠惜地球)

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角色扮演Role play-體驗街市採訪！

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角色扮演Role play-體驗街市採訪！

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聖羅撒書院--減塑講座及田野考察簡介

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聖羅撒書院--減塑講座及田野考察簡介

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環保及自然保育基金-- 「無塑香港：買餸也減塑」校園社區減塑大使培訓計劃

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目前為止環保袋的使用範圍

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目前為止環保袋的使用範圍較窄

主要用作裝放較小及輕的乾貨食品、雜貨

膠袋及塑膠包裝於顧客而言似乎依然是無可避免

海鮮、魚、肉類仍需要使用膠袋，否則會滴水

買濕貨食品會先用塑膠袋裝好再放進環保袋

買生果時也可能會要求額外膠袋

速凍食品沒有膠袋較為麻煩

沒有包裝的食物一般都會要求提供膠袋

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有檔主指$1徵費後自備環保袋的市民較以前

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有檔主指$1徵費後自備環保袋的市民較以前多，也有部分顧客表示會帶備環保袋或是重用已有的膠袋到街市買餸；不過，亦有不少人坦言會繼續使用商戶提供的膠袋，也有檔主稱曾有顧客因為膠袋額外收費而不願意光顧。

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膠袋使用變得日常化且理所

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膠袋使用變得日常化且理所當然

有市民即使自備了膠盒或環保袋，但檔主仍然會主動提供膠袋

海鮮或魚檔一次購買會使用很多不必要的膠袋，檔主會將各類海鮮分開各自放進幾個膠袋裏

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仁濟醫院董之英紀念中學 -減塑講座及田野考察簡介

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仁濟醫院董之英紀念中學 -減塑講座及田野考察簡介

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Workshop 1:
簡介聯合國可持續發展目標所定義的社會及環境挑戰，並透過互動練習，協助學員認識塑膠污染的議題，確立個人介入議題的位置。引介本地和國際的創新案例，拓闊想像。
導師: Melaine（WildBound）

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香港的堆填區預計將於2030年爆滿。據環

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香港的堆填區預計將於2030年爆滿。據環境保護署2021年的數據，香港每日堆送超過一萬公噸的都巿固體廢物到堆填區，其中塑膠佔近21％，是佔量第二高的種類。

膠樽、膠袋、膠叉、膠飯盒，都巿生活倚賴即棄塑膠所帶來的方便，但亦同時需要面對即棄文化所製造的污染問題。塑膠污染海洋，進入食物鏈，甚至開始危害人體健康。我們需要積極行動，從生活和社區開始，推動減塑！

「減塑Change Makers培訓工作坊」希望培訓大學生以創新的思維於校園和社區推動減塑。培訓重點包括:

1. 認識塑膠污染，介紹本地及國際的最新趨勢
2. 學習以Impact Gap Canvas分析政策漏洞
3. 學習Design Thinking，提出試行方案

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生物可降解真係環保啲？｜綠色和平 X 岑樂怡

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【可降解塑膠是騙局？】可XX降解嘅塑膠係何方聖神？聲稱可徹底被降解消失，貌似係塑膠問題嘅「救世主」，背後暗藏點樣嘅環保陷阱？｜#Greenpeace #綠色和平 #綠一綠好快熟

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最直接、最有效的解決方案：源頭減塑

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最直接、最有效的解決方案：源頭減塑

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減塑迷思：生物可降解塑膠？

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減塑迷思：生物可降解塑膠？

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有市民提出希望政府可以研發生物可降解塑膠，但到底何謂生物可降解塑膠？這些塑膠又是否真的可以輕易地被完全分解？

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付費就能使用膠袋＝環保？

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付費就能使用膠袋＝環保？

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有錢就可以使用膠袋...
是否符合環保理念？
是否只是剝削或懲罰了窮人？

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市民提出...

政府可以多做宣傳，例如在街市推廣環保、宣傳膠袋重複使用

在街市檔口貼塑膠徵費標語

增加徵費的頻率太慢，成效不良好

認為1元加價作用不大，如果上升到2元可能效果更好

希望政府將徵費用於環保回收用途

比起徵費，教育更為重要，減塑應該從小開始教育

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反對：

衛生考量：海鮮、生禽肉類會有血水，環保袋只能裝乾貨或雜貨

便利問題：花店使用透明膠袋包裝更方便

經濟影響：街市生意相對較不景氣，徵費政策會給街市生意帶來更多阻礙

支持：

政策合理

有教育意義

改變市民使用膠袋的習慣，減少濫用膠袋

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有市民認為現行膠袋稅只是將環保責任全推卸給消費者

例如大部分水果從批發商購入時已經附有大量塑膠包裝，膠袋收費卻只針對一般消費者

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上個年代的民間智慧，是否真的已經過時而沒有參考價值？

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上個年代的民間智慧，是否真的已經過時而沒有參考價值？

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街坊回顧膠袋尚未普及的年代：香港人會利用竹籃、報紙、環保袋、麻繩、草繩、繩網、鹹水草等物料到街市買餸
舊時代的購物方式，是否真的需要淘汰？

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自備環保袋或大膠袋購物，盡量避免領取商戶提供的膠袋

膠袋清洗乾淨後重複使用，可作裝放家居垃圾之用

盡量選擇堂食，外賣會自備塑膠／玻璃／不鏽鋼盒；不過亦有少部分餐廳會讓食客自己裝放食物，不願意幫忙放進自備盒裏

大廈派發的垃圾袋用不完會給其他街坊

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塑膠購物袋收費計劃是針對濫用塑膠購物袋問題的一個計劃，計劃自2015年4月1日在整個零售業界全面推行，除豁免情況外，所有商戶派發膠袋每個須收費至少$0.5；
為維持計劃的成效，政府於2022年12月31日起推行優化措施，包括：每個塑膠購物袋的收費由現時最低$0.5提高至最低$1、取消現時對盛載冰凍或冷凍食品的塑膠購物袋的豁免、以及收緊有關食品的豁免：只有購買沒有包裝或並非完全載於任何包裝的食品，或購買以非氣密包裝的餐飲外賣，才可獲免費提供塑膠購物袋，並以每單一交易一個免費袋為基本原則。

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Sha Tin Wet Market: 20 Sha Tin Centre St, Sha Tin, Hong Kong