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and from the body, it goes back to the vena cava's and starts again

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and from the body, it goes back to the vena cava's and starts again

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The septum that divides the heart into left and right sides is called the interventricular septum. It separates the left and right ventricles of the heart.

The layers of the heart wall, from outermost to innermost:

Epicardium - the outermost layer of the heart wall. It consists of connective tissue and is also known as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium. It helps protect and lubricate the heart.

Myocardium - the middle and thickest layer of the heart wall. It consists of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the contraction of the heart, pumping blood throughout the body. The myocardium receives oxygen and nutrients from the coronary arteries.

Endocardium - the innermost layer of the heart wall. It is a thin, smooth layer of endothelial cells that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the heart valves. The endocardium helps prevent blood clotting and facilitates the smooth flow of blood through the heart.

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Right Atrium - one of the two upper chambers of the heart. It receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. The right atrium then contracts, pushing the blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

Right Ventricle - one of the two lower chambers of the heart. It receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and contracts to pump the blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

Left Atrium - the other upper chamber of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins. The left atrium contracts, pushing the blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

Left Ventricle - the largest and strongest chamber of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and contracts forcefully to pump the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta. From the aorta, oxygenated blood is distributed to the rest of the body.

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Tricuspid Valve - located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It consists of three cusps or leaflets that open to allow blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle and close to prevent backflow.

Pulmonary Valve - situated between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. It has three semilunar cusps that open to allow blood to be pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation and close to prevent blood from flowing back into the right ventricle.

Mitral Valve - located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It consists of two cusps and allows blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle during ventricular filling. It closes to prevent backflow of blood into the left atrium when the ventricle contracts.

Aortic Valve - positioned between the left ventricle and the aorta, which is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. The aortic valve has three semilunar cusps that open to allow blood to be pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta and close to prevent blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

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Arteries - carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various parts of the body

Veins - carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body tissues

Capillaries - connect arteries and veins and enable the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the surrounding tissues

Arterioles - small branches of arteries that further divide and carry blood to the capillaries

Venules - receive blood from the capillaries and merge to form veins

Lymphatic vessels - a network of vessels that parallel the blood vessels. They carry a clear fluid called lymph, which contains immune cells and helps in the removal of waste and toxins from tissues.

Sinusoids - specialized capillaries found in certain organs like the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Aortic arches - branch off the ascending aorta, forming an arch-like structure

Pulmonary arteries and veins - specifically associated with the lungs. Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation, while pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Coronary arteries and veins - supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself, ensuring its nourishment and proper function. Coronary veins collect deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and drain it into the coronary sinus.