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Leonardo Da Vinci was known as a Renaissance Man. This means he is a man of many talents. Leonardo got lots of attention for his talent in art, specifically painting. In 1503, Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa. The Mona Lisa is world-known and will always be known as one of the most iconic and beautiful paintings to ever exist.

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Johannes Gutenberg changed the world. He invented something that we still use to this day. The printing press was a machine that allowed books, papers, bibles, etc to be produced must faster. Back before the printing press, every book or paper had to be hand written. This took a long time, and a lot of materials. This also made the writings much more expensive, because of how little supply and copies there was of them. The printing press made this process much faster, and made it easier for common people or poor people to get their hands on books and Bibles. Production of certain texts containing laws and religious sayings that aren't approved by the King/government usually weren't approved and got torn up, but with the mass production of them, it was nearly impossible to stop them getting into people's hands.

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Niccolo Machiavelli had a interesting take on laws and rules. He believed to make someone not do something again, you have to really punish them. For the most part, this is true and we still use this today. Niccolo wrote "The Prince" which served as a guidebook on how to govern/rule. Machiavelli's punishments were somewhat unreasonable and cruel though. For example, one punishment states that if one gets caught stealing, their hands will be cut off. This is a awful punishment, but this and many others were how crime was dealt with back then.

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People were sick of the strict church policies and wanted a change. The people wanted a Reformation. They started by writing the 95 Thebes. This list states everything wrong with the church and what they want to change. They then pinned this to the church door. This outraged the church and the priests. For years, you had to buy your way out of sins. In the 95 Thebes and other teachings from religious monks, it states how if you just believe, your sins will be forgiven, without money. This caused the church to lose out on almost all indulgences and lost tons of money.

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The Spice Trade was a good motivator for Europeans to go explore. Many spices were from Asia, so lots of people decided to travel to Asia. Asia is not a easy journey though, so the Europeans were set to get a direct route. Spices were sought after because they can make food taste better and last longer, and they were expensive. Spices were hard to make and get with little resources, so when they were produced, many wanted to get their hands on them.

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Oliver Cromwell was an influential man. He took a risk and established a commonwealth. A Commonwealth is a state-ruled representative. After he established this, he executed King Charles. He did this so he could have complete power. Cromwell was a fien for power. After this event, he named himself "Lord Protector," and made everyone call him by this.

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Parliament needed something to keep their power stable and powerful. They decided to change lots of things about the laws and pass more bills. They made the Bill of Rights, which states that no decisions are made by the king without parliament's consent. This also gave more rights to more citizens. Next, they passed the Act of Settlement. This act states that no Catholic could inherit the throne. This was to keep power among the religions that wanted to be followed in the country. Lastly, Parliament passed the Act of Union. The Act of Union made England and Scotland became Great Britain.

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Great Britain wanted to make a difference, so they did everything in their power too. Starting off with the navigation act, which is finding a new, faster route to trade countries. This also meant that only certain products could come in and go out of Great Britain. This could cause extra duty or tax on these products. This was established in the 1600s. Then, the French and Indian War occurred, lasting 6 years. After a couple of other wars, the Stamp Act was created. This made a tax on all paper goods. People were outraged by this and decided to boycott Great Britain.

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The First Continental Congress was created in 1774. It was created for the people, so they could have more rights, as well as be overall happier. George Washington, Adams, Henry, and other delegates were putting their life on the line for this. Technically, this was commiting treason. The goals of this meeting was the unite the colonies, begin regulating own laws, end trade with GB entirely, and organize/prepare armies.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (unit 5)

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (unit 5)

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This document was life-changing for lot of people. This declaration granted rights to lots more citizens. To begin with, the only people that had necessary rights were white men and political leaders (white men). This declaration gave more rights to some woman, children, and some black/other ethnicities. These rights were called "natural and inalienable rights." Separation of powers was also introduced in this document.

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Imperialism had existed for years before, but the Europeans wanted a change. They didn't just want trade posts anymore, they wanted land, natural resources, and slave labor. This is where racism was mainly, publicly advertised. Racism is the belief race determines a persons traits and capabilities. The New Imperialism wasn't a good thing at all.

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Conflicts erupted between the Dutch and The British over gold and silver. The British won these disputes, and made an agreement to share power of the gems. After this, the British take control of South Africa, leaving the indigenous with no rights. After British took control, African regions were only used to benefit the British. Segregation was introduced, and many families and people were separated from each other. Europeans always promoted the idea of fairness and equality, but the Africans got none of it.

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WW1 was a terrible war, and it happened for many reasons. The first reason was extreme nationalism. Nationalism is extreme patriotism, and it causes European countries to fight for superiority. Imperialism was also a big issue. Imperialism is when a government tries to spread its influence by bringing other countries and territories under its control. Militarism glorified the war and military, which made people want war. Lastly, an alliance is an agreement or bond between 2 countries to protect one another. This angered some countries not involved, making the tension worse.

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The trenches were hell on earth. Many of the soldiers suffered from a bunch of illnesses in there. First one is trench foot. Many times, the trenches would become very muddy and wet. If the water or mud got in your boots for a extended period of time, your food would start to decompose. This would be very painful. Terrible food and condition was a huge issue. The trenches was not a nice place to live, with no places to sleep other then the cold mud. The food was scarce, many not getting food for days. Shell shock was also bad. Shell shock affected mainly everyone involved in the war (PTSD).

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Rasputin was a huge figure during this period. He was known as a "debauched child," and this shaped his life. When he was young, word spread that he could heal the sick and predict the future. Everyone wanted to see if this was true. He was very popular with the royal family and practically lived with them. He also got lots of ladies. His death was crazy though. A group of people poisoned him with enough poison to kill an elephant, and he wouldn't die. So they stabbed him multiple times, and he still was alive. They then threw him in the river alive, and it took him 2 hours to die there. A legend!