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Important People: President Obama, Congress during each presidency from 1980- now, each president from 1980-now
Definition: Many new acts and laws have been passed regarding immigration in the United States in the past 40 years. In 1986, Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act which granted legalization to millions of Latin American people who met certain conditions. Also this law penalized those who hired unauthorized immigrants. Later in 1990 there was a law that protected immigrants from being deported during times of natural disaster, conflicts, or other life threatening conditions. In 2012, Obama allowed young adults to get work permits and deportation relief if brought to US illegally and then in 2014, DACA was expanded and a new program to offer benefits to children of some unauthorized-immigrant parents.
Significance: Each president has had different view on immigration, and Trump was not fond of illegal immigration, so he attempted to build a wall between the US and Mexican border. The immigration rate has actually increased since the 1980s even though many presidents did not support immigration.

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Kate Maloney

People: Ronald Reagan, Jimmy Carter

Definition: the election of 1980 put the Republican Party back into office after a very long time. Not many people liked carter even from his own party. Reagan won with ease and introduced new ideas for the American nation. He won by addressing key issues such as education and abortion.

Significance: the election allowed for the Republican Party to be back in office after 25 years. Reagan was a great model of what the republicans believed and he helped to shine a positive light on them. More people agreed with what he had to say which led for more and more support of the party.

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Leah Collins

People: Ended by President Ronald Reagan and the Reagan Administration.

Definition: The Recession of 1982 was a severe recession where labor market conditions declined throughout the year. The unemployment rate reached an enormously high percent. It was triggered by tight monetary policy in an effort to fight increasing inflation.

Significance: Prior to the 2005-09 recession, the 1982 recession was the worst economic downturn in the United States since the Great Depression. The unemployment rate reached nearly 11 percent in late 1982. It resulted in high interest rates, homelessness, and unemployment.

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People: Theodore Levitt, countries throughout the world

Definition: Globalisation is the integration of the world’s economies, politics, and cultures. Theodore Levitt is credited with coining the term in a 1893 article, title “The Globalization of Markets”.

Significance: Globalization began following the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. The globalization era opened the communist Eastern block to the flow of capital, and happened largely because of the creation of the World Wide Web.

Demi

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Kate Maloney

People: Ronald Reagan, Republican Party

Definition: Ronald Reagan contributed to the rise of conservatism by making tax cuts and spending more on defense for America. He reintroduced republican ideology which many people supported because it rejected communism.  More and more people were starting to shift from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party.

Significance: this was significant because it was the first time the nation was seeing such a major shift to the Republican Party in a long time. It changed a lot of peoples political opinions and helped to get new government officials in office

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Ronald Reagan’s Presidency (January 20, 1981 - January 20, 1989)

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Ronald Reagan’s Presidency (January 20, 1981 - January 20, 1989)

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People:
Ronald Reagan was the 40th president of the US and the only president who was an actor.
Definition:
Reagan ushered in the rise of conservatism, proposed massive tax cuts, increase in military expenditures, and more. During the presidency he faced issues of unemployment rates rising with the recession, an increase in the national debt, and an increase in the gap between the rich and poor.
Significance:
Reagan’s presidency resulted in more conservative policies resurfacing and he increased the importance of the military significance as well as other policies through Reaganomics.

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Reagan Tax Cuts “Reaganomics” ( January 1981 - 1989)

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Reagan Tax Cuts “Reaganomics” ( January 1981 - 1989)

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People:
Reaganomics were the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan who served from 1981 to 1989.
Definition:
Reaganomics consisted of large tax cuts, less social spending, increased military spending, and deregulation of markets. These policies caused tax rates to decrease, tax revenues to increase, inflation to decrease, and the rate of unemployment to decrease.
Significance:
Reagan’s policies led to one of the longest peacetime economic eras of expansion; however, the gap between the rich and poor grew larger during this time period.

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Important people: Lawrence Walsh, FBI, CIA, Manucher Ghorbanifar, Jihad, Oliver North

Definition: a secret operation in which the US secretly and illegally sent weapons to a known enemy, Contras, and sent financial aid to a rebel force

Significance: it was one of the most challenging crises to resolve during Reagan’s presidency and entailed delivering 500 missiles to Iran and supporting Contra weapons and supplies.

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George H.W. Bush’s Presidency (January 20, 1989 - January 20, 1993)

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George H.W. Bush’s Presidency (January 20, 1989 - January 20, 1993)

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People:
Bush was the 41st president of the US who dealt with the issue of the Persian gulf war.
Definition:
Bush was involved in more foreign affairs than domestic. He order an invasion of Panama and became brutally involved in the drug trade.
Significance:
Bush met with the soviet leader at the end of the Cold War, signifying the mutual nonaggression agreement between the two countries and Bush increased US military presence in the Persian Gulf. The end of his presidency was brought about through the economic recession.

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Kate Maloney

People: Gorbachev, George H.W Bush

Definition: After the Berlin Wall came down, communism in Europe collapsed peacefully. This led to the reunification of Germany and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The USSR changed their foreign policy and ended the war.

Significance: the end of the Cold War was seen as victory for the Americans. It sparked confidence within the nation.  After decades of war, it helped Americans feel more at ease and more trusting in the government. It also helped to lift the fear of communism since it was coming to an end in other countries

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Important people: President Clinton

Definition: most of the nation’s capital belonged to a very small portion of its people

Significance: it produces a higher level of income inequality and social inequality

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Persian Gulf War (January 16, 1990 - February 28, 1991)

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Persian Gulf War (January 16, 1990 - February 28, 1991)

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People:
Different countries leaders were involved in the conflict, such as Hafez al-Assad, George H.W. Bush, Saddam Hussein, Hosni Mubarak.
Definition:
The Persian gulf war began due to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait to claim the oil reserves located there, leading to other countries becoming involved, such as the US. This was the first large international crisis faced after the Cold War.
Significance:
The response of the US impacted how the US used the military force in the future and it restored confidence in America as the superpower in the world.

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People: Bill Clinton

Definition: The act was passed as a part of a series of measures president Clinton took in order to restore the economy. The plan included more than $500 billion in deficit reduction, it also cut taxes for more than 15 million Americans.

Significance: The act being passed showed that deficit and debt reducing measures could be done in a progressive way in order to improve the all around future of the country.

Demi

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Leah Collins

People: Mexico, Canada, and the United States. Established by President Clinton.

Definition: The NAFTA or North American Free Trade Agreement opened free trade for the United States with Canada and Mexico. It allowed the flow of increased goods, services, and jobs across the international borders by lessening and eliminating tariffs.

Significance: The NAFTA allowed for economic growth in each nation. It created agreements on international rights for business investors. This reduced the cost of commerce. It spurred investment and growth, especially for small businesses.

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People: the stock market, American citizens

Definition:The dot-com bubble was a period of large and rapid increases in the stock market value of shares of internment services. The rapid growth was very unsustainable in the long term.

Significance: During the bubble the NASDAQ composite index, which shows the value of outstanding shares of companies, rose to seven times what it originally was. Many people became millionaires when tech companies began becoming public.  The bubble continued to rise and get larger but eventually in early 2000 burst after an announcement from the US Federal Reserve which increased interest rates. This caused the NASDAQ to drop from 5048 to 1139 in two years and also resulted in most publicly traded dot-com companies failing by the end of 2001.

Demi

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Clinton’s Anti-Crime Bill (September 13, 1994)

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Clinton’s Anti-Crime Bill (September 13, 1994)

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Important People: Bill Clinton
Definition: Clinton’s Anti-Crime Bill contained various new laws and revisions for a wide-range of topics regarding crime in the United States. It gave certain states more funding for police officers and construction of new prisons. It also banned some assault weapons federally. It was the largest crime bill to date.
Significance: 100,000 police officers were fired and over 6 billion dollars was given to the prison systems which resulted in crime rate to decrease but also the incarceration rate to increase. It led to the beginning of mass incarceration. It also helped the US shift from punishment to preventive care in some ways.

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People: America, the world

Definition: The World Trade Organization is a global organization that deals with the rules of trade between the nations of the world. The organization meets regularly with ambassadors of all countries in the world in Geneva, it was over 160 members.

Significance: The goal of the organization is to ensure that tarde moves smoothly and freely throughout the world. The organization operates under a set of strict rules, it settles trade disputes between members and supports the needs of developing countries.

Demi

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Important people: President Clinton, Rep. Bob Barr, Senator Don Nickles

Definition: a federal law that  denied federal recognition of same sex marriage and allowed states to refuse to recognize same sex marriage licenses in other states

Significance: it was later overturned in 2013, forbidding the government from discriminating against same sex marriages.

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People: Bill Clinton, The House of Representatives, Monica Lewinsky, Paula Jones, Linda Tripp

Definition: Bill Clinton was impeached under two articles of impeachment, lying under oath to a federal grand jury and obstructing justice. In November of 1995 Bill Clinton began having an affair with Monica Lewinsky, a young, unpaid intern of the White House. When she began working at the Pentagon she told her co-worker Linda Tripp about the affair who then began to secretly record the conversations between the two. Clinton and Lewinsky were both eventually subpoenaed to speak in court on separate sexual assault charges about the affair.

Significance: The trial was the first of its kind since the impeachment trial of president Andrew Johnson in 1868. The president was eventual acquitted on both articles of impeachment. The trial was a large burden on the American people and congress.

Demi

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Important People: George W. Bush, Al Gore
Description: Al Gore was Bill Clinton’s vice president so he was the favorite Democratic candidate and after a tough battle to the top Bush prevailed as the top Republican candidate. There was no clear winner on election night because many states such as Florida were incredibly close in votes to call a winner. The Florida election law demanded a recount, and a month later it was reveled that Bush won by slightly over 300 votes. Many legal battles were unresolved and many votes seemed to not be recorded in Florida and eventually Bush’s lead went down to a mere 150. He filed a Supreme Court appeal and eventually Bush officially won Florida causing him to win the election at 271 to 266. Gore won the popular vote.
Significance: There was no clear winner on Election Day. This election was one that the Supreme Court had to get involved in order to finally have a president decided. The vote was extremely close and in the end the people’s choice was different than the actual president.

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Kate Maloney

People: George Walker Bush, Dick Cheney, Republican Party

Definition: George W Bush was the 43rd president of the U.S and was a member of the Republican Party. He was also a businessman who governed Texas before his presidency. He signed the No Child Left Behind Act and made tax cuts. His major initiative was education reform. Specifically for ignoring groups

Significance: Bush helped reshape the nation after the attacks of 9/11. He helped to bring America together and helped them feel secure after the attacks by declaring a global war on terrorism.

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Leah Collins

People: Passed by Congress and signed into the law by President George W. Bush.

Definition: The Patriot Act is a law that was passed in 2001 to grant law enforcement more powers to prevent terrorist attacks. The USA PATRIOT is acronym for the act meaning “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. It was signed after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.

Significance: The Patriot Act has helped law enforcement break up terror cells in multiple states. These states include Ohio, New York, Oregon, and Virginia. The act has also helped in the prosecution of terrorist operatives and supporters in states such as California, Texas, New Jersey, Illinois, Washington, and North Carolina.

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People: America, the World

Definition: The war on terror was a counterterrorism campaign led by America but support eres by countries around the world, The campaign was launched in response the terrorisms attacks on 9/11. It included major wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Significance: The war on terror can be compared to the Cold War with what a large global effect it had, it represented a new era in world relations.  The war on terror had an impact on global security, human rights, international law, and governance.

Demi

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Important People: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Osama Bin Laden, Mohammad Atta, Wail al Shehri, Waleed al Shehri, Satam al Suqami, Abdulaziz al Omari, Marwan al Shehhi, Fayez Banihammad, Ahmed al Ghamdi, Hamza al Ghamdi, Mohand al Shehri, as well as many other hijackers
Description: On September 11, 2001, 4 planes were set to be hijaked by al-Qaeda terrorists. The 4 planes were all set to land in California, but they were taken over and aimed for the World Trade Center in New York, the White House, and the Pentagon. The one aimed for the White House never made it, but the other ones crashed into the Twin Towers and the Pentagon. 3,000 people died from the attacks including the people on the planes and the hijackers making this a suicide attack as well. One of the planes was overtaken by the passengers and then crashed in Pennsylvania before it could reached its destination.
Significance: 3,000 people died, 6,000 injured, and millions feared for their safety as they watched the aftermath of the attacks from wherever they were at the time. This event caused the U.S. to change the safety procedures in airports and other places. It also signaled a dangerous change in the United States that showed the leaders that if the US people want to live in freedom and peace, then they need to guard the country.

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Important People: George W. Bush, John Boehner
Description: The No Child Left Behind was a federal law passed that improved schools by having more accountability for them. This law introduced yearly tests that helped track the progress of each public school student. If the schools didn’t meet their goal, they would have to shut down or get new staff.
Significance: At first this law was seen to help minority students learn more at schools, but eventually people claimed that the law forced schools to only teach what was on the test while neglecting subjects such as history and art because they were not of importance for the test. In 2015, Obama signed the Every Student Succeeds Act which revised this act for the better.

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Kate Maloney

People: New Orleans citizens

Definition: Hurricane Katrina was a deadly hurricane that caused mass destruction and left many people homeless or dead. It was also very expensive. It was a category five hurricane that affected many states in its path.

Significance: This storm is known for the high number of fatalities. It caused more people to become aware of how dangerous these storms really were and pushed to have more warning before the next hurricane struck the U.S. It also increased the amount of search and rescue organizations within the country.

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Leah Collins

People: Barack Obama because president during the end of the Great Recession. People turned to him to lead them through the economic crisis. There was no individual that ultimately caused the Great Recession.

Definition: The Great Recession was the economic downfall after the burst of real-estate bubbles and the global financial crisis. It is considered as the most severe economic recession in the United States since the Great Depression.

Significance: The Great Recession caused global trade to decline. Global unemployment rose, causing 30 million total jobs lost. The poverty rate in the United States increased by almost 3 due to the recession.

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Barack Obama’s Presidency (January 20 2009- January 20 2017) 

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Barack Obama’s Presidency (January 20 2009- January 20 2017) 

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Kate Maloney

People: Barack Obama, Joe Biden, Democratic Party

Definition: Obama was the 44th president of the United States. He was well known for the raid he planned which killed Osama bin Laden. He was also known for being a senator before his presidency and having a background in politics. He advocated for more affordable healthcare as well.

Significance: Obama was the first black president which was monumental for the U.S. It showed how far the nation had come in equality. He signed three bills to help the economy, healthcare, and reforming financial institutions which helped many of the American people.

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America Recovery & Reinvestment Act (2009)

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America Recovery & Reinvestment Act (2009)

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Leah Collins

People: Proposed by President Obama. Signed into law by Obama on February 17th, 2009.

Definition: The America Recovery & Reinvestment Act is an effort to jumpstart the economy. The act pumped money into the economy. This then provided funds for road improvements, railroads, and unemployment benefits. It was an effort for private spending to pick up and the government to step back.

Significance: The emergency spending piled further debts on top of those already in place, so many people began to worry about the cost. The ARRA helped to prevent a more severe economic downturn. It helped in supporting the gradual recovery of the U.S. economy.

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Citizens United v. FEC (2010) (January 21, 2010)

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Citizens United v. FEC (2010) (January 21, 2010)

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People:
The Supreme Court reviewed this case between citizens united and federal election commission.
Definition:
The court case in which the US Supreme Court ruled that laws preventing corporations and nonprofits from using their fund for political campaigning violates the first amendment of free speech.
Significance:
This ruling allowed corporations and nonprofits to spend money advocating for certain sides in elections or defeats in US politics, increasing the importance of monetary support in elections.

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Affordable Care Act (ACA) March 23, 2010

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Affordable Care Act (ACA) March 23, 2010

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Leah Collins

People: Signed by President Obama. The Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services have the responsibility of issuing regulations to implement the act.

Definition: It is a law that provides numerous rights and protections that make health coverage more fair and easy to understand. The law expands the Medicaid program to cover more people with low incomes.

Significance: The Affordable Care Act is significant because it helps to cut high U.S. health care costs. This law improved the health of all Americans. More Americans have health insurance and more screening are covered by insurance.

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Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (July 21, 2010)

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Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (July 21, 2010)

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Important People: Senator Christopher J. Dodd and Representative Barney Frank
Definition: The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act is a financial reform legislation that created government agencies with supervising parts of the law and financial system. It was put in place to try and stop anything like the 2007-2008 crisis from happening ever again. The financial crisis happened because of lack of supervision of financial institutions and greed. Because of regulations being loosened, money was being able to be lent in ways that were not sustainable. The banking industry crashed and a global recession occurred. The five aspects of the act were financial stability, consumer financial protection bureau, volcker rule, securities and exchange commission, and the whistleblower program. The goal of the act is to protect consumers and taxpayers from the harmful practices of some professionals.
Significance: The act is still in effect today, but because of the many criticisms received, there was an Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act in 2018 which took back some of the harsher regulations in place.

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ISIL & Syrian Civil War (February 2011- present)

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ISIL & Syrian Civil War (February 2011- present)

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Important People: Vladimir Putin, Bashar al-Assad, Barack Obama, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Definition: President Bashar al-Assad and the government faced a challenge to its authority when pro-democracy protests sprang up throughout the country. They demanded the termination of the use of violence to stop people from protesting. Militias formed on both sides and a civil war began in 2012 officially. Many political and military groups formed on both sides of the war one major group being ISIL. This groups fought against Iraqi forces in the west as well as government and rebel forces in Syria. They gained land and international efforts were put in place to shut down many groups such as ISIL. The war is still going on today.
Significance: Over 500,000 people have died overall and over 300,000 of those have been civilians. Many countries such as Russia, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Yemen, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Israel, US, UK, and France are all apart of the war in various ways. The country has been devastated and millions of people have been displaced and others have become refugees.

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People:
President Obama announced the death of Osama Bin Laden who waged war on America and was responsible for many deadly terrorist attacks, such as 9/11.
Definition:
Osama Bin Laden, the leader of the Islamist group al-Qaeda, was shot and killed in Abbottabad by US Navy SEALs.
Significance:
The death of Bin Laden led to the relief of the American people who felt constant paranoia during the time due to the relentless terrorist attacks and conflict.

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Donald Trump’s Presidency (Jan 20 2017- Jan 20 2021) 

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Donald Trump’s Presidency (Jan 20 2017- Jan 20 2021) 

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Kate Maloney

People: Donald Trump, Mike Pence, Republican Party

Definition: Donald J Trump was the 45th president. He was a businessman, media personality, and politician before becoming president. He helped the U.S economy and had strong republican ideals for the nation. He was president at the start of covid and was in charge of how the U.S handled the lock downs.

Significance: Trump helped to decrease tax and regulation cuts which helped a lot of people who struggled with being homeless, he also helped to rebuild the military to increase American defense. He also made it his goal to achieve peace with the Middle East

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Important people: President George W. Bush

Definition: a government program to purchase assets and equity from financial institutions to strengthen its financial sector

Significance: restored economic growth and mitigate foreclosures during 2008 financial crisis

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Important people: Anthony Kennedy, Roberts, Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor

Definition: a court case that involved an Arizona state law that intended to increase power of local law enforcement that wished to enforce federal immigration laws.

Significance: it established that states cannot implement their own immigration laws

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Deferred Action of Childhood Arrivals, 2012-2022

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Deferred Action of Childhood Arrivals, 2012-2022

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Important people: Dreamers, Obama Administration

Definition: an administrative relief that protects undocumented immigrants who came to the US when they were children from deportation and gives them a work permit.

Significance: it kept people from being deported and gave them the opportunity to work and go to school

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Important people: Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (WHO leading voice), Mike Ryan (Head of WHO emergency operations), Maria Van Kerkhove (WHO technical lead), Donald Trump, Anthony Fauci

Definition: the global pandemic due to the outbreak of the Coronavirus disease. Disease started in 2019, but reached pandemic status in March of 2020 as it spread worldwide, infecting millions.

Significance: caused a decrease in the economy, altered human existence’s political and environmental elements, infected over 775 million people, and killed over 7 million.