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Description: Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii. Japan made a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor just before 8 a.m. on a Sunday. There were tensions between Japan and the United States that had been mounting for the better part of a decade, making the war seem inevitable. Japan attacked because it was driven by its political self-interests, its scarcity of economic resources, perceived opportunity costs, and America's embargo policy.

The outcome of the event: Japan destroyed and damaged nearly 20 American naval vessels, eight battleships, and over 300 airplanes. 2,400 Americans died in the attack, and 1,000 people were wounded.

Key medical issues faced / treatment: Some medical issues that they faced were second and third-degree burns, shock as well as shrapnel, and machinegun wounds.

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Midway Atoll, United States Minor Outlying Islands

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Description: World War II naval battle, fought almost entirely with aircraft, in which the United States destroyed Japan ’s first-line carrier strength and most of its best trained naval pilots.

Outcome of the event: The Battle of Midway ended the threat of further Japanese invasion in the Pacific.

Key medical issue faced/treatments: Some medical issues they faced were wounds caused by gunfire, explosions, and shrapnel. One tragic incident involved a fighter plane drifting over arresting cables and barriers, landing on the back of another plane. The propeller split the headrest of the pilot, causing a compound skull fracture. The next blade crushed his jaw, face, and neck, severing major blood vessels.

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Description: The Battle of Guadalcanal was a series of World War II land and sea clashes between Allied and Japanese forces on and around Guadalcanal, one of the southern Solomon Islands, in the South Pacific.

Outcome of event: The Japanese's lost a total of 24,00 men killed, 2 battleships, 4 cruisers, 1 light carrier, 11 destroyers, and 6 submarines.

Key medical issues faced / treatments: Dysentery, an infection of the intestines, plagued the troops. Poor sanitation, contaminated water, and close living quarters contributed to its spread.

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Nettuno, Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, Italy

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Description: It was an Allied amphibious landing. Aimed at breaking the German Winter Line and capturing Rome. The operation was also known as Operation Shingle and was commanded by American Major General John P. Lucas. The landing was met by strong German resistance and resulted in a prolonged stalemate.

Outcome of the event: The battle began with the amphibious landing at Anzio and concluded on June 4, 1944, with the liberation of Rome

Key medical issues faced / treatment: The 15th Evacuation (Surgical) Hospital, which replaced the 95th Evacuation Hospital, faced mass casualties and severe trauma.

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Description: Normandy Invasion, during World War II, the Allied invasion of western Europe, which was launched with the simultaneous landing of U.S., British, and Canadian forces on five separate beachheads in Normandy, France.

Outcome of the event: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany. The Normandy invasion began to turn the tide against the Nazis. A significant psychological blow, it also prevented Hitler from sending troops from France to build up his Eastern Front against the advance.

Key medical issues faced / treatments: The invasion resulted in approximately 4,000 Allied troops killed, and many survivors faced life-threatening injuries

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Description: The initial goal for the U.S. commanders was to pin down German forces in the area, preventing them from reinforcing the front lines farther north in the Battle of Aachen. The Americans aimed to take the village of Schmidt and clear Monschau. In a second phase, they wanted to advance to the Rur River as part of Operation Queen.

Outcome of event: Advances outside the Hurtgen were delayed by two weeks, costing the Americans, British, and Canadians heavy casualties. The Americans had finally broken through the forest, but it could not be called a victory. The Germans under Field Marshal Model had held them up for six months. This victory belonged to the Germans.

Key medical issues faced / Treatments: The constant stress, fear, and exhaustion contributed to this condition, affecting soldiers’ ability to continue fighting effectively.

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Description: Battle of Leyte Gulf, (October 23–26, 1944), decisive air and sea battle of World War II that crippled the Japanese Combined Fleet, permitted U.S. invasion of the Philippines, and reinforced the Allies’ control of the Pacific.

Outcome of event: A sacrificial carrier force to distract the US, the battle concluded with a decisive American victory, securing a foothold in the Philippines and signaling the end of the Imperial Japanese Navy as a major combat force.

Key medical issues / treatment: Medical teams faced challenges in treating wounded soldiers amidst intense combat.

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Description: The Battle of the Bulge, also known as the Ardennes Offensive or the Ardennes Counteroffensive, was the last major German offensive on the Western Front during World War II. The Germans aimed to divide the Allied forces and prevent an invasion of Germany, but they failed to achieve their objectives. The battle was one of the bloodiest and most costly for both sides.

Outcome of the event: The failure of the Battle of the Bulge was a significant blow to Germany. Adolf Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, as the war neared its end.

Key medical issue faced / treatment: The Allies suffered over 80,000 casualties during the battle, approximately 19,246 American soldiers lost their lives, and more than 23,000 American troops were taken prisoner.

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Japan, Okinawa, Yomitan, Takashiho, 915 RYUKYU GLASS WORKS海風(有限会社海風)

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Description: The Battle of Okinawa was a World War II battle fought between U.S and Japanese forces on Okinawa, the largest of the Ryukyu Island.

Outcome of the event: The Japanese lost around 120,000 troops, while the Americans suffered 12,500 dead and 35,000 wounded. Civilians also suffered, with an estimated 100,000 to 150,000 deaths during the campaign.

Key medical issues faced / treatment: The campaign in Okinawa exposed troops to a variety of exotic diseases. The islands were part of coral atolls with hot and humid climates. Sanitary conditions were primitive due to Japanese occupation, and unburied dead led to an increase in arthropods, making certain areas dangerous for assault troops.

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Description: American bombing raids on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that marked the first use of atomic weapons in war

Outcome of the event: an atomic bomb carried from Tinian Island in the Marianas in a specially equipped B-29 was dropped on Hiroshima, at the southern end of Honshu: the combined heat and blast pulverized everything in the explosion’s immediate vicinity, generated fires that burned almost 4.4 square miles completely out, and immediately killed some 70,000 people (the death toll passed 100,000 by the end of the year).

Key medical issues faced / treatments: The Hiroshima bombing on 6 August 1945 killed an estimated 90,000 to 120,000 people, who died either instantaneously or over the following weeks and months from injuries or acute radiation sickness, the result of damage to bone marrow and the intestinal tract. The bomb that leveled Nagasaki 3 days later claimed another 60,000 to 70,000 lives.

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Description: The atomic bombing of Nagasaki was the second and last use of nuclear weapons in war 2. It occurred on August 9, 1945, at 11:02 AM, when the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki, a major shipbuilding center45. The bomb killed tens of thousands of people, destroyed the city, and contributed to Japan’s unconditional surrender and the end of World War II.

Outcome of the event: An estimated two-thirds of that population nearly all civilians would soon be dead. The dropping by American warplanes of that first atomic bomb, code named Little Boy and another, code named Fat Man, three days later in Nagasaki led to Japan's surrender on Aug. 15, 1945, and the end of World War II.

Key medical issues / treatment: Radiation Injury: Survivors experienced symptoms such as confusion, convulsions, weakness, fatigue, hair loss, inflammation of the throat, central nervous system damage, internal bleeding, gastrointestinal symptoms, and skin reddening (erythema) due to radiation exposure¹.