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1. TBI causes damage in the brain that can lead to speech, language, speaking, or swallowing problems.

2. There is no specific age when a TBI can occur. It can happen at any point in someone's life.

3. TBI can occur due to an injuring your head by bumping it, a strong blow to the head, or something going through your head.

4. Brain damage happens directly after the incident that occurs.

5. Causes of TBI: Falling, a car accident, being hit or hitting your head on something, being assaulted.

6. Mild TBI may be temporary until recovery whereas severe TBI is long term with not much recovery.

7. People at risk for a TBI: Newborns to 4-years-old, teenagers 15-24 years old, adults 60 years and older, and males at any age.

8. Car accidents is the leading cause of a TBI in teens 15-20 years old

9. A TBI can result in impairments of memory, word retrieval, expressive language, physical strength, agility, and regulation of emotions.

10. All staff members who interact with an individual who experienced a TBI should understand the support they need to be able to get through the school day.

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1. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (n.d.). Traumatic brain injury (TBI). American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/traumatic-brain-injury/

2. National Association of School Psychologists (NASP). (n.d.). https://www.nasponline.org/

3. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (n.d.). Traumatic brain injury. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557

4. Accommodations guide for students with Brain Injury. BrainLine. (2018, August 15). https://www.brainline.org/article/accommodations-guide-students-brain-injury

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1. Extra time for the student to turn in assignments, complete tests, and take breaks

2. Assist the student with note taking, provide the student with notes from class, or allow them to record the lectures.

3. Allow the student to take a test alone outside of the classroom setting.

4. Give them an option of an oral test instead of having to read from the paper.

5. Create their test using multiple choice instead of majority of open ended questions.

6. Allow the student to use a calculator or dictionary on the test.

7. Allow the student to pick their seating based off what will work best for them.

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1. TBI may affect an individuals cognitive skills such as learning and thinking skills. This will relay into the classroom when they can return.

2. A TBI can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe depending on the consciousness of the individual.

3. It is very helpful to talk to the individual and determine the level of comfortability they are at with coming back to school. It is also very important to follow the individuals lead on what they can do and what they cannot do in the classroom.

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Vu, J. A., Babikian, T., & Asarnow, R. F. (2011). Academic and Language Outcomes in Children After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-Analysis. Exceptional Children, 77(3), 263–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440291107700301

1. Children are often under identified in the schools when they are in need of special education services.

2. After a TBI a child is most likely going to be facing struggles in their academic and language abilities which will disrupt their academics. Children who experienced a severe TBI presented with the largest deficits in their academics and their language.

3. Recovery looks different for every child and depends on thee severity of the TBI they have experienced.