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COVID-19 has created a lot of unemployment and inflation. The government is trying to help with this short economic collapse with new fiscal and monetary policies.

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The War in Afghanistan lasted from 2001-2021. The US fought against the terrorist groups believed to be located in Afghanistan after the 9/11 attack. This was often called the War on Terror. Because of this war America lost a lot of money and resources trying to get rid of Al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups. They did manage to kill Osama Bin Laden but lost a lot of soldiers and citizens in the process. They pretty much lost the war because it cost them so much and pulled out in 2021.

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Ethnic cleavages: The division between white majority and minority groups because of historical differences

Social Cleavages: Mostly comes from the division between ideologies. The stark differences in the beliefs on how the government should be run and the friction that comes between democrats and republicans because of the two party system.

Regional Cleavages: A lot of the time there is division between people of the city and urban areas and more rural farm areas. This may come from different job and educational opportunities

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The executive branch includes the president, the cabinet, and lower groups. The current president is Joe Biden. The Executive branch has the power to execute laws.

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Split up into the Senate and the House of Representatives. The senate is made up of 100 senators (2 from each state). The House is made up of 435 representatives and is based on population in the states. Combined they are called congress and have the ability to make laws and raise money.

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The judicial branch of the United States mainly falls to the Supreme court but it is split up into multiple sections. The Supreme Court has the power to interpret laws and make decisions based off the constitution. The Supreme Court doesn't get all the cases though. Most cases fall to the local or state courts before falling into the federal and then supreme court(s)

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GDP: $24.662 trillion

GDP Per Capita: $73,600

Top industries:high-technology innovator, second-largest industrial output in the world; petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, and mining.

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Constitutional federal republic

America is leaning more towards democratic because of the electoral college and people being able to vote who is in the government.

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Name: US Constitution

Year Adopted: 1789

Circumstances: Came fresh off of the revolution against the British Monarch.

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Name: The Supreme of the People's Republic of China

Year Adopted: 1982 (current version)

Circumstances: Wanted to consolidate the authority of the government

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Type: Chinese Communist Party (Authoritarian)

Democratic or Authoritarian: China's government leans towards an authoritarian government pretty heavily

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Ethnic: A geographic cleavage with Tibet

Social: Urban-Rural cleavage

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Chief of state: President XI Jinping

Head of government: Premier LI Qiang

Cabinet: State Council

This branch has the absolute most power among the Communist Party Central Committee (25-members). XI Jinping holds the three most powerful positions as general secretary, state president, and chairman of the central military commission

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Description: Called the unicameral National People's Congress (NPC). It has a max of 3,000 seats and members serve 5-year terms. It has the power to enact and amend basic criminal/civil laws, and other basic laws.

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The Highest court is the Supreme People's Court which has 340 judges which includes the Chief Justice and 13 grand justices. Has the power to interpret laws. They can exercise these powers independently.

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GDP: $31.227 trillion

GDP per Capita: $22,100

Industry: Leader in industrial output; mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel and much more

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The PCR last fought a war in 1979 in the Sino-Vietnamese war. China invaded Vietnam over the land. It was an incredibly brutal war. China claimed to win the war even though they failed to achieve its objective of removing Vietnam from Cambodia as Vietnam occupied Cambodia until 1989. However, they successfully prevented Vietnam's defense which stopped the Soviet Union from invading China from the North.

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There are major trafficking problems in China. It is not eliminating trafficking and is not making any effort to do so. Furthermore, there is labor force problem. This means that the labor force is declining and will continue to do so.

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Name: The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Adopted: October 24th, 1979

Circumstances: Revolution based off religion

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Type: Theocracy (theocratic republic)

Democratic/Authoritarian: more democatic

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Ethnic: Shia (90%) vs Persian (51%)

Social: Reformers vs Conservatives and Pragmatic conservatives vs radical cleric

and women's rights

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Chief of state: Supreme Leader Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI

Head of government: President Masoud PEZESHKIAN

Cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president with legislative approval

Powers: coordinating government decisions and selecting government policies

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Name: Unicameral Islamic consultative Assembly

Powers: drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the countries budget

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Highest court: Supreme Court- consists of the chief of justice and organized into 42 two-bench branches, each with a justice and a judge

Powers: It's an independent power from the Executive and legislative branches. They can judge cases based on Sharia (Islamic law). They have the power to interpret the laws based on a case.

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GDP: $1.44 trillion

GDP per Capita: $16,200

Top industries: Petroleum, petrochemicals, gas, fertilizer, caustic soda, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing, ferrous and nonferrous metal fabrication, armaments.

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Name: Iran-Iraq war

Cause: territorial disputes between the two states for a long time ended up in war

Who won: war was in a stalemate between Iran and Iraq and both countries accepted a ceasefire that ended the fighting.

Consequences: Both countries found themselves in debt and a lot of death. However, Iraq managed to overrun neighboring Kuwait.

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Refugees and internally displaced persons is a big problem. 500,00 undocumented Afghans, 750,000 Afghan refugee card holders, 12,000 Iraqi refugee card holders, 34 stateless persons

Also has a trafficking in persons issue (tier 3)

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Name: The political constitution of the United Mexican States

Adopted: several previous constitutions; the most modern approved on February 5th, 1917

Circumstances: After years of political instability and violent rebellions, the congress of Mexico approved it because it wanted expansive social reform and a political reconstruction

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Type: Transitional Democracy

Democratic or Authoritarian: Mexico is trying to become a more democratic country and is succeeding. It would be counted as a more democratic country

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Ethnic: Mestizo (60%) vs Indigenous (30%)

Social: North (rich) vs South (poor)

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Chief of state: President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador

Head of government: President

Cabinet: appointed by the president

Powers: Dominant branch that promotes and executes the laws of congress. It also has the primary role of implementing and enforcing the policies of the government

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Name: bicameral Nation congress

power: right to pass laws, impose taxes, declare war, approve the national budget, approve or reject treaties and conventions made with foreign countries

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Highest court: supreme court of justice

Powers: Jurisdiction over controversies that arise out of laws or acts of state or federal authorities that violent individual guaranties, controversies between states or a state and federal authorities, all matters involving federal laws and treaties, etc. Basically interpreting laws.

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GDP: $2.873 trillion

GDP per Capita: $22,400

Top Industries: food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, and tourism.

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Name: Mexican-American War

Causes: conflict between the United States and Mexico between plots of land. The United States invaded Mexico because they believed they were the rightful owners of a certain area.

Who won: America gained Texas and Mexico shrunk (Mexico lost)

consequences: Mexico lost the Territory of Texas

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A major drug trading/trafficking problem. Drug cartels have a big influence in Mexico and hold a lot of power/money.

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Name: Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

Adopted: 1999

Circumstances: Nigeria needed a true government so it created the Fourth Nigerian Republic

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Type: Failed democracy

Democratic or Authoritarian: Trying to become democratic but is probably more in between.

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Ethnicity: 250-400 different ethnicities, Muslim (North) vs Christian (South)

Political: disputes and divisions over policymaking (Over Sharia)

Social: Elites vs Rural

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Chief of State: President Bola Ahmed Adekunle

Head of Government: President

Powers:

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Name: bicameral National Assembly

Powers: Power to make laws for the peace, order and good governance of the federation. Also has other powers like investigative, financial, confirmation, and impeachment powers.

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Highest Court: Supreme Court

Power: uphold the principles and the laws of the nations constitution

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GDP: $1.275 trillion

GDP per Capita: $5,700

Top industries: Crude oil, tin, coal, columbite, textiles, construction material, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel

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Name: Nigerian civil War

Who fought: Nigeria and the republic of Biafra (was a part of Nigeria)

Causes: Republic of Biafra used to be part of Nigeria and Nigeria wanted it back

Who won: Nigeria won the war

Consequences: The armed struggle created a weakened the government and allowed for a string of military coups to follow

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Currently an ongoing armed conflict in North-Eastern Nigeria with Boko haram has resulted in widespread displacement, food insecurity, and multiple victims of violence. Also has lead to further poor sanitation and water-borne disease.

1 in 11 people have HIV/AIDS

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Name: The Constitution of the Russian Federation

Adopted: December 12th, 1993

Reason: Was needed to improve Russia's political and Economic status after fall of Soviet Union

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Type: Unknown (obsolutism)

Democratic or Authoritarian: Russia is more on the authoritarian side

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Religious: Eastern Orthodox

Ethnic: Chechnya

Political: slavophile vs westernizer

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Chief of state: president Vladimir Putin

Head of Government: Premier Mikhail Vladimirovich Mishutin

Power: Hold most power in the government, technically the powers is supposed to be split up but Putin has taken the powers for himself

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Name: bicameral Federal Assembly

Powers: Vote all bills, all bills to even be proposed need to be considered by the state Duma

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Name: Supreme Court of the Russian federation

Power: It acts independently from legislative and executive powers. It administers justice through constitutional, civil, commercial, administrative, and criminal proceedings.

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GDP: $5.816 trillion

GDP per Capita: $39,800

Top Industries: mining industries, oil, metals, vehicles, defense industries, shipbuilding, transportation equipment, and further machinery

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Name: Ukraine and Russian War

Causes: Russia believes Ukraine is supposed to be a part of Russia

Consequences: It's still ongoing and has caused devastation on both sides but mainly Ukraine. Has plunged a lot of Russia's resources

Who Won: TBD

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The battle between Russia and Ukraine is causing all sorts of problems for Russian citizens and has made life a lot harsher. Overall treatment of persons has been an ongoing issue.

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Name: There is not really one constitution, just a series of different documents that compile the laws of the UK (Magna Carta + Bill of Rights + Common Law)

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Type: Constitutional Monarchy

Democratic or authoritarian: More Democratic

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Social: Split between social and economic classes

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Chief of State: King Charles III

Head of government: Prime Minister Keir Starmer

Power: Formulates and implements policy

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Name: bicameral Parliament which consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

Power: Can issue legislation through orders-in-council but is limited.

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Highest court: Supreme Court

Power: appeal for all civil cases, and for criminal cases in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Can also hear constitutional cases and ones that have far-reaching consequences for the public.

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GDP: $3.7 trillion

GDP per Capita: $54,100

Top industries: Machine tools, electric power equipment, motor vehicles and parts, electronics, metals, chemicals, coal, paper products, textiles, other consumer goods.

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Name: WWII (UK, US, France, Germany, Soviet Union, etc. were involved)

Cause: Global tensions and the Treaty of Versailles making Germany feel small

Who Won: The Allies (UK, France, and US)

Consequences: Major destruction everywhere, millions killed.

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The cost of living is an ongoing crisis. The rapid inflation has caused major problems for the citizens of the UK