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Water in salt electrolyte is a an emerging new class of electrolyte in recent years. Traditionally, electrolytes are lithium salt of lower concentrations, for example, 1 or 2 molar. This type of electrolytes is mainstream in our daily life, for not only our mobile batter, but also high-end products such as supercapacitors. Although this type of traditional electrolyte fulfill society's basic needs, novel class of electrolytes are still a popular research focus for several reasons. Lithium resources is not infinite, and scientists are actively investigating alternatives or methods to optimize the use of lithium. Traditional electrolyte also has a drawback in terms of safety. Regarding these concerns, water-in-salt electrolyte (WISE) becomes a popular subject. WISE refers to high concentration of salt solution, unlike conventional electrolyte, the molarity can go up to more than 20. A crucial advantage of this class is safety. Consisted with mostly water, batteries or other energy storage devices are less likely to explode.

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More advanced research is needed for water-in-salt electrolyte (WISE) to be commercialized and integrated into current electronic industry in place of traditional lithium battery. WISE battery such as LiTFSI battery has several advantages including minimum risk for explosion and large chemical stability window. However, researchers are still puzzled by the new physics, such as gas revolution at the interface and how imposed potential alters transport property in environment with little free water. Thus, new researches must be done experimentally and computationally. Both empirical observation and newly proposed models tailored for this novel class of electrolyte are needed. Some important work has been done with bulk solution, but not in the form of battery infrastructure. How such electrolyte interact with electrode, with or without imposed potential is crucial for incorporating WISE into current electronic infrastructures.

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Water in salt electrolyte (WISE) is a class of electrolyte in which water content is significantly lower compared to the salt solute. Traditionally, electrolytes are lithium salts of lower concentrations, for example, 1 or 2 molars. This type of electrolyte is still mainstream in our daily life due to its simplicity, availability and low cost. However, in recent years, researchers report that water in salt electrolyte offers advantages by significantly expanding the chemical stability window of water, allowing higher voltage operation. This merit is achieved by reducing water activity and minimized side reaction, enhancing stability and reducing degradation. A popular example of WISE is salt with TFSI anion.

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Water-in-Salt electrolyte (WISE) is a novel class of electrolyte with high concentration of salt, which guarantees a higher chemical stability window. Unlike mainstream electrolyte of lithium salt with concentration as low as 1-2m, WISE may have molarity high up to 20+m. While the traditional electrolyte is plausible for simplicity, availability and low manufacturing cost, WISE has the potential for higher voltage operation achieved by reduced water activity and minimized side reaction. These unique characteristic of the WISE system results in enhanced stability and little degradation. A popular example of these classes of solution is LiTFSI. At 21m of concentration near saturation, LiTFSI has been reported to have a highly expanded chemical stability window of 3V, enabling the development for new energy storage device for better performance, longer life span and minimum potential hazards such as overheating or explosion.

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Anomalies of Ionic/Molecular Transport in Nano and Sub-Nano Confinement Miao Wang, Yaqi Hou, Lejian Yu, and Xu Hou*

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Anomalies of Ionic/Molecular Transport in Nano and Sub-Nano Confinement Miao Wang, Yaqi Hou, Lejian Yu, and Xu Hou*

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Nano-scaled hydrophobic confinement of aqueous electrolyte by a nonionic amphiphilic polymer for long-lasting and wide-temperature Zn-based energy storage†

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Nano-scaled hydrophobic confinement of aqueous electrolyte by a nonionic amphiphilic polymer for long-lasting and wide-temperature Zn-based energy storage†

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Some general aspects of con®nement in nanomaterials

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Some general aspects of con®nement in nanomaterials

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Water properties under nano-scale confinement

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Water properties under nano-scale confinement

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Local structure and density fluctuations in confined fluids

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Local structure and density fluctuations in confined fluids

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Electric Field Induced Associations in the Double Layer of Salt-in-Ionic-Liquid Electrolytes

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Electric Field Induced Associations in the Double Layer of Salt-in-Ionic-Liquid Electrolytes

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Water-In-Salt electrolyte (WISE) , defined as water-based electrolyte with high concentration of salt near saturation, such as 21m LiTFSI has several advantages including minimum risk for explosion and large chemical stability window. Although WISE has been a popular topic within the electrochemistry community, more advanced research is needed for WISE to be commercialized and integrated into current electronic industry in place of traditional lithium battery. Researchers are still puzzled by the new physics, such as gas revolution at the interface and how imposed potential alters transport property in environment with little free water. Thus, new studies must be done experimentally and computationally. Both empirical observation and newly proposed models tailored for this novel class of electrolyte are needed. Some important work has been done with bulk solution, but not in the form of battery infrastructure. How such electrolyte interact with electrode, with or without imposed potential is crucial for incorporating WISE into current electronic infrastructures. For this subject, it is natural to start with classic molecular dynamics modeling by treating the system as a simple salt solution using classic force field such as CPLS and impose potential by Constant Potential Model (CPM). This setup is necessary to exam how the system behave structurally and dynamically. Due to the unique nature of high concentration, it is expected that the classical description might results in inaccurate prediction of properties such as diffusion or Electric Double Layer (EDL). Thus, researchers should study empirical data and probe the new physics to propose new theoretical model that minimize the gap between simulation and experiment.

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I definitely feel like a better academic writer because of this class. I did not know anything about how to approach writing a scholarly paper except a very ambiguous idea of the outline. Techniques such as general to specific and paraphrasing are really useful. Also, I love the feedback for our writing assignments! I had no idea how often I mess up the use of articles in writing. Overall, I am really glad that this course taught me how to systematically construct an academic paper. I used to just sit in front of the computer and stare into my empty file forcing myself to spit out something like squeezing a tube of toothpaste. Now not only can I better plan it but also it becomes less scary I guess? I now understand that first draft could just be anything I want to say since later I can use everything I learn from this class to make it a readable paper.

This class was so fun and it is one of my favorite time of the week. It is really refreshing to occasionally get out of hardcore science and math just to appreciate words, reading and writing.