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Drive theory - Drive theory for arousal.

Individual zones - Give examples of how different athletes have different levels of arousal.

Impact of attentional cues?

Types of cues is quite rushed, take some more time to explain it.

Effect of arousal on attention - if overly aroused, attention cannot cope with the demand of stimuli and cannot separate what is relevant and irrelevant stimuli, leading to slower and inaccurate decisions.

Link the stress process to examples in sport and using key words such as threat/challenge, eustress/distress.

Behavioural responses - how behaviour changes due to stress/anxiety and arousal.

Consequences - more detail, less attention and concentration, less accurate decisions making, more mistakes.

Overall, good content and description. Add some examples and be sure to discuss (pass) and explain (merit) the impact on performance.

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The key difference is in the manifestation of the symptoms; where somatic anxiety tends to find an outlet in the body, with symptoms expressed physically like sweating. Cognitive anxiety symptoms more typically occur within the brain.

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When an athlete is suffering from severe anxiety and is panicking, the brain may not receive as much blood and oxygen as it normally does. This results in dizziness which can worsen and can result in the athlete fainting. Feelings of bad dizziness can disable the athlete to such an extent that they may be unable to perform at all. Less severe cases of anxiety can cause athletes to not perform as well as they normally would because they don't have full concentration on the game in front of them. The same with stress as they won't perform to the same level.

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The main emotional responses that an athlete would feel during a game situation would be anger, anxiety, disappointment, happiness, hope, relief and satisfaction. These responses would be based on what has happened in the game

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Stage 1: Initial Alarm Reaction "Flight or fight response" Mind is aware of stimulus through senses and thoughts. Within seconds, the brain's arousal system activates the sympathetic nervous system. adrenalin and other stress hormones are released. Mental alertness increases and sense organs become more sensitive

Stage 2: Intensification or Recovery - The flight or fight response takes a lot of you. You may realize almost immediately that the threat wasn't as serious, so the body reverts to normal or even more relaxed state than before and recovery takes place.

Stage 3: Adaptation - If the sources of stress don't go away, the body changes are retained and the level of stress begins to be viewed as normal.

Stage 4: Exhaustion - If stress continues for a long period of time then serious health problems arise

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Trait anxiety - How anxious you are as a person, take into action on behaviour.
Athlete example - Dele Alli must feel as though he might have a bad game even though it might not even happen.
impact on performance - Often feeling worried about not performance or losing a game will impact your performance in a negative way as you have no self confidence which will make you not perform well.

State anxiety - Feelings of anxiety that change depending on the situation.
Athlete example - For example when a player gets injured and comes back on they may be more cautious when going into tackles and performing general skills.
impact on performance - A situation that you don't like may arise and you may react in a way that would negatively impact your performance from then on.
Cognitive anxiety - Negative thoughts, inability to concentrate.
Athlete example - For example, Jadon sancho was having a difficult time with his mental health and this negatively affected his performance heavily.
impact on performance - The impact this will have on a performance is that they won't be able to concentrate with things that are going on on the pitch because their mind will be filled with other things.
Somatic anxiety - Psychological changes or effect due to perception of task for example muscle tension.
Athlete example - An example of this is elevated heart rate, sweating and heavy breathing as you're finding the task at hand very difficult as it building your anxiety up.
impact on performance - This can have a negative effect on performance as all the factors will build up and you won't perform to a good level as you are worrying about other things.

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Effect of different arousal levels on attentional focus

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Effect of different arousal levels on attentional focus

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An athlete's attention and focus can be easily changed throughout a performance as a result of their arousal zone so this can lead to a decline in performance. Each athlete has their own optimal IZOF, once their levels of arousal become too low or too high again this may lead to negative performances. If they become too anxious and let the pressure get to them then this can affect their arousal level.
If they have high arousal, they will try to pay attention to too much information, this will impact performance negatively because instead of focusing on solely one thing, you have lots of things in your head which will take you longer to react to things.

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Choking in sport is bottling in a high pressure situation. In sport, choking under pressure is a negative athletic experience that may have psychologically damaging effects. The media recognizes that choking is a dramatic drop in performance, whereas researchers have labeled choking as any decrease in performance under pressure. An example of this in sport is when liverpool were about to win the league and steven gerrard slipped and lost the league. This is one of the best sporting examples of choking because of what was on the line.

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Attentional cues are information you take in whilst playing in a game situation and even in training. There are two types of attentional cues, relevant cues and irrelevant cues. Relevant attentional cues include making sure you team mates are in position and making sure the position of the ball is correct when about to shoot.
If a player pays attention to irrelevant cues then it can be deemed as a distraction and this means a loss in attentional focus which can lead to poor performance as the athlete is consciously thinking about the irrelevant cues away from their performance.

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An athlete's performance is successful when his or her pre-competition anxiety is within or near the individually optimal zone. When anxiety falls outside the optimal zone then that means that performance will deteriorate.
Athlete example: Adam Peaty his anxiety fell out of the optimal zone and eventually had to pull out of his competition as he couldn't concentrate on his event and wasn't in the right mindset to competitively compete.

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The 'inverted U' theory proposes that sporting performance improves as arousal levels increase but that there is a threshold point. Any increase in arousal beyond the threshold point will worsen performance. At low arousal levels, performance quality is low.

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Drive theory is that people are born with certain psychological needs to achieve something and that a negative state of mind is created when these goals are not achieved. When a need is satisfied, drive is reduced and the organism returns to a state of homeostasis and relaxation.

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Attentional problems in a game can lead to a lack of focus because the athletes expect themselves to be completing what they need to so them making a mistake will affect them as they think they should have executed what they needed to. So therefore dwelling on a mistake that just happened makes it impossible to focus on the rest of the game.

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The catastrophe theory is that if the athlete is experiencing high levels of cognitive state anxiety as arousal rises towards the athletes threshold, the athlete experiences a dramatic drop in performance. An example of this is when a player is having a bad game but also does something worse in the game like getting a red card or missing a penalty. This theory does also rely on the need for both arousal and cognitive anxiety to achieve optimal performance.

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relevant - coach, teammates, referees, opposition, position and the football.
irrelevant - fans, chanting, stadium and the weather.
selective attention - Focusing on relevant cues can aid performance. For example taking a penalty having to block out the crowd and opposition players.
divided attention - performing two or more tasks at the same time while putting your attention on relevant cues.

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Eustress - good form of stress, some athletes like challenges and pushing themselves to improve, it helps increase their skill levels and motivation.
Athlete example: Boxers have a high level of stress going into fights and some of the fighters will thrive under the pressure because that is when they perform the best. An example of this is Gervonta Davis.
Distress - bad form of stress, an extreme form of anxiety resulting from a percieved ability to meet demands, can lead to arousal and decreased performance levels.
Athlete example: Jadon Sancho had a high level of stress after missing a penalty at the Euros and the consequence of stress from that carried over to his form at Manchester United and eventually had to take a break from football as the amount of bad stress got too much for him

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The multidimensional anxiety theory predicts that cognitive and somatic anxiety will differentially and independently relate to performance. For example, athletes who perceive their anxiety symptoms as facilitative to performance report more positive feelings and less negative feelings than athletes who perceive their anxiety symptoms as debilitative to performance.

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Anxiety is a nervous psychological state in reaction to a feeling of stress concerning the performance of a task under pressure. Anxiety is a common emotional state experienced by all athletes even at the highest level of sport.

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Stress can be meant as any type of change that causes physical, emotional or psychological strain. Stress is your body's response to something that is causing you to feel the pressure of whatever is happening and requires attention. Most if not all high level experiences stress to some degree. This generally has a negative effect on performance