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Syllable shape describes the speech sound order in a given word. C represents consonant sounds, and V represents vowel sounds.

• Later babbling contains primarily open syllable shapes such as V, CV, VCV, CVCV
Examples:
- V: ah
- CV: ma
- VCV: apa
- CVCV: bana

• First-50-word stage syllable shapes: CV, VC, CVC
Examples:
- CV: no
- VC: am
- CVC: pan

• More complex syllable shapes emerge by age 2 such as CVC, CVCVC, CCVC, CVCC, CC(C)VCC. Note that consonant clusters acquisition can start as early as age 2, but it's typically between ages 3 to 6.
Examples:
- CVC: dog
- CVCVC: dadas
- CCVC: clip
- CVCC: cats
- CC(C)VCC: blast

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What is Phonological Awareness? (YouTube)

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What is Phonological Awareness? (YouTube)

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• Gender: girls acquire speech faster than boys; there is a greater number of boys in therapy for speech sound disorders
• Socioeconomic Status (SES): children from high SES tend to perform better than those from low SES, especially in phonological awareness tests
• Language: stronger language skills are correlated with more developed phonology

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1) Vowels (a, e, i, o , u)

2) Nasals (m, n)
Examples: "ma", "na"

3) Plosives (p, b, t, d, k, g)
Examples: "pa", "pop", "tot", "dog"

4) Glides (w, j)
Examples: "why", "wow", "yay"

5) Fricatives (f, v, th, s, z, sh, h)
Examples: "fight", "van", "shoe", "hi"

6) Affricates ("ch", "dz")
Examples: "chain", "juice"

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• Definition: sounds perceived as belonging to the same category, despite changes in speaker or pitch. Perceptual constancy indicates a child's knowledge of their native language and the innate ability to perceive sounds in all languages, which is a skill that adults lose as they age.

• Develops between 5-10 months of age

• Example: an infant whose native language is Tagalog will have the innate ability to differentiate Tagalog words from French words.

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ASHA Developmental Norms for Speech and Language (Resources)

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ASHA Developmental Norms for Speech and Language (Resources)

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This is a collective resource of norms and milestones for speech-language development. SLPs are often asked questions regarding typical age of sound acquisition and development of language. This information will help to answer those questions and provides resources to share with parents and colleagues.

ASHA Products

Beyond Baby Talk - This book by Kenn Apel and Julie Masterson answers questions and covers the stages of speech and language development during the first years of a child's life.

Talking on the Go - This book shows how everyday activities can be used to help develop speech and language skills.

ASHA Publications

Related Resources
Resources listed on this page are not all-inclusive nor exhaustive. Inclusion of non-ASHA publications does not imply endorsement by ASHA.

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Developmental Norms for Speech and Language

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This content was developed as a collective resource of norms for speech-language development. SLPs are often asked questions regarding typical age of sound acquisition and development of language. These resources will assist in answering those questions and providing resources to parents and colleagues.