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According to Sire (2004), "Worldview is a collection of attitudes, values, stories, and expectations about the world around us, which inform our every thought and action." As counselors, we need to understand the worldview of our students.

Sire, J. W. (2004) Naming the Elephant: Worldview as a Concept. Intervarsity Press.

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Ethnic identity is the extent to which one identifies with a particular ethnic group and feels a sense of belonging within the group. A student's ethnic identify can impact their beliefs about mental health, illness, and help seeking behaviors among other things.

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- Try to understand the student's worldview
- Try to become aware of their own values, biases, limitations, and preconceived notions
- Work to develop skills and awareness of culturally sensitive practices in counseling

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Roots of Empathy is a school-based intervention program o help students increase empathy and concern for others, resulting in more positive social interactions with peers.

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Human Development Discourse in Schools - Educational Institutes

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Human Development Discourse in Schools - Educational Institutes

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Viewing effective education as an environment that supports, encourages, and helps facilitate student growth. It is a different mindset compared to academic achievement discourse.

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Academic Achievement Discourse in Educational Institutions

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Academic Achievement Discourse in Educational Institutions

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Such discourse can overlook the individual differences in students, and lead teachers to teach to the test, leading to stressed teachers and students.

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Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development

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Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development

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Piaget developed a theory of four stages of cognitive development, otherwise referred to as the thinking skills of children and adolescents. To be effective counselors, we must consider the stage of thinking a child is at and meet them there.

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The Timing Impact of Physical Maturation

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The Timing Impact of Physical Maturation

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Late maturation in boys could make them more likely to be teased or bullied whereas early maturation in females could lead them to be unprepared for the social pressures related to physical maturity, perhaps then linked to anxiety and depression.

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We can help students by giving them positive attention and helping them feel a sense of belonging in our schools.

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Parent Involvement & Student Achievement

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Parent Involvement & Student Achievement

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According to Marcon (1999), the greater involvement of parents in a child's education & development results in higher levels of academic success.

Marcon RA. Positive relationships between parent school
involvement and public school inner-city preschoolers’ development and academic performance. School Psychology Review. 1999;28:395–412.

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John Bowlby studied early attachment forms and their impact on relationships later in life. As counselors, we can serve as attachment figures and build trust in students.

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When children and adolescents have a socioeconomic status different than the majority of their peers, it can lead to challenges of not being accepted, unfair treatment, and feeling shamed.

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When we notice students having an external local of control, we can help make them aware, discuss the benefits and drawbacks, and together work toward achieving a greater internal locus of control.

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Peer relationships can impact a student's learning engagement and self-efficacy.

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By focusing on a child's potential and giving them guidance and encouragement, a child can move from can not to can.

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Understanding where students are at in these development stages helps guide our work as counselors.