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Distribution of power among states so no single state dominates.

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System where states agree that an attack on one is an attack on all.

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A policy of reduced tensions between hostile nations. It involves increased diplomatic communication, trade, and arms control agreements.

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Nationalism is an ideology that prioritizes a nation’s identity, culture, and self-determination, asserting the nation as the sole rightful source of political power.

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A principle of international law that grants foreign diplomats protection from prosecution, arrest, and other forms of legal action in the host country.

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A foreign policy approach in which a state refrains from formal alignment with or against any major power bloc.

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The ability to attract and co-opt rather than coerce. It is the use of a country's cultural appeal, political values, and foreign policies to influence other nations.

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Balance of power and collective security both aim for stability but differ in approach: the former relies on states pursuing self-interest through alliances, while the latter treats an attack on one as an attack on all, as seen in the League of Nations and the UN.

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• Originating after the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), it was developed in Europe to prevent dominance by one state.

• It was first applied effectively at the Congress of Vienna (1815).

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• Proposed by Woodrow Wilson after WWI, it sought peace through joint defense against aggression.

• Its first attempt was the League of Nations (1919), later strengthened by the UN (1945).

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The concept of a "balance of terror" during the Cold War—a form of balance of power based on nuclear deterrence—was a precondition for détente.

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The Non-Aligned Movement emerged in opposition to the balance of power system, rejecting alignment with major power blocs and offering an alternative to Cold War rivalries.

Nationalism conflicts with Collective Security and Non-Alignment

Intense nationalism can hinder cooperation, as states may resist international frameworks or neutrality when national interests are at stake.

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Collective security depends on trust and shared purpose, unlike balance of power which assumes self-interest, as seen in the League of Nations’ failure in the 1930s.

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Expanded negotiations made diplomatic immunity vital for safe and open exchanges.

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Cultural and economic exchanges during détente enabled states to project soft power and influence rival populations.

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• Rising from the French Revolution (1789), it emphasized loyalty to the nation over monarchs.

• It fueled the unification of Italy (1861) and Germany (1871).

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While cultural pride can enhance soft power, extreme nationalism can alienate others and weaken international appeal.

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It underpins diplomacy by ensuring safe negotiations and the functioning of international organizations, making concepts like détente, collective security, and balance of power possible.

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Rooted in ancient customs, it was formalized in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961).

Historically, envoys were respected in Greece, Rome, and medieval Europe.

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Strong nationalist pressures can challenge diplomatic immunity, with publics demanding its revocation against rival states despite its necessity for diplomacy.

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It arose as a response to Cold War rivalries, allowing newly independent nations to resist superpower dominance.

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Rooted in nationalism, it expressed sovereignty and self-determination.

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Formed during the Cold War by leaders like Tito, Nehru, and Nasser to avoid superpower rivalry.

It began with the Bandung Conference (1955) and the NAM (1961).

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Coined by Joseph Nye in the 1990s, it refers to influence through culture, values, and diplomacy.

Earlier examples include the Marshall Plan (1948) and U.S. cultural diplomacy during the Cold War.

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It balances hard power by attracting allies through culture and values instead of force.

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Emerging in the 1960s–70s, it aimed to ease Cold War tensions between the U.S. and USSR.

Early examples include the SALT I Treaty (1972) and the Helsinki Accords (1975).