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This photo shows evolution in a great way. In photo 1, we see a bird with a thick beak, larger head, and bigger eyes. This tells us that the characteristics during this bird's timeframe was needed for harsher environments . As the photos progress, we see it slowing changing to photo 4. This is where the bird has a smaller beak, smaller head sizes and smaller eyes. Which is the normal type of bird we see now a days. Which we can conclude that these characteristics are doable for today's world. This visual really shows how species can adapt and evolve over time depending on their environment.

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What Are Spirilla Bacteria? – Microscope Clarity

Spirilla is a prokaryote that is found in the family of Spirillaceae. They are spial-shaped, aerobic, and gram-negative bacteria with flagella. They are long and thin in shape, which make it highly efficient at absorbing nutrients. This bacterium causes rat-bite fever, which is a disease most common found in Asia. it can be transmitted by rats or though ingestion. Spiralia are usually obligately microaerophilic and not found in mammals, which makes the notion of that this species of bacteria were assigned to the wrong genus. Its symptoms involve fever, headache, and pain around the bite.

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What Are Spirilla Bacteria? | Microscope Clarity

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Spirilla refers to a group of bacteria found in the family Spirillaceae. They are classified as spiral-shaped, aerobic, gram-negative bacteria with flagella (thread-like appendages that…

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This table gives a very clear picture of the differences between monocots and dicots. By applying it to plants that we see on a daily basis, we can easily identify which group they belong to. For example, corn has parallel veins, fibrous roots, and petals in multiples of three, which makes it a monocot. Rice, being part of the grass family, has the same characteristics of fibrous roots and parallel leaves, as does wheat, which also makes them monocots. On the other hand, peas have two seed leaves, a taproot, and net-like leaf venation, which makes them dicots. Tomatoes are also dicots, since they have net-like veins and flowers with five petals. Finally, the apple tree is a dicot as well, with its taproot system, woody growth, and broad-veined leaves.

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The meta-analysis by Zheng et al. (2025) compared thyroidectomy and antithyroid drugs (ATDs) for treating Graves’ disease. The study reviewed 7 randomized controlled trials including 715 patients. Results showed that thyroidectomy had a higher hyperthyroid cure rate and lower recurrence compared to ATDs. Both treatments showed similar risks for developing or worsening Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Adverse events, such as rashes, fever, and joint pain, were comparable between the two groups. The findings suggest that thyroidectomy may be a better option for patients who do not respond well to ATDs or have recurrent hyperthyroidism. However, differences in surgical methods and patient characteristics may affect outcomes. Overall, thyroidectomy provides an effective alternative with high cure rates and manageable risks.

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This video talked about the phylum Arthropoda. It explains the structures and functions that make this group of animals unique. Arthropoda are blessed with having chitinous exoskeleton that protects their bodies and supports their movement. Because their bodies are segmented with specialized paired appendages, it gave it the ability to walk, swim, or fly depending on the species. Arthropods must undergo molting (ecdysis) since their exoskeleton does not grow with them. The video also explains how they have an open circulatory system. This means that their body fluids bathe organs directly instead of flowing in closed vessels. Arthropods also have a ladder-like nervous system, with ventral nerve cords that control movement and behavior. Their respiratory structures vary, including gills, tracheae, or book lungs depending on whether they live in water or on land. So, in this video it highlights how their structural and functional traits give them the ability to survive in almost every habitat on earth.

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Phylum Arthropoda - part 1 | Animal kingdom | Biology | Khan Academy

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The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) website explains that homeostasis is the process by which the human body maintains a stable internal environment even when external conditions change. It is an important function that keeps the body working properly. Homeostasis is described as a continuous and active process rather than something that stays perfectly balanced. The body relies on a series of control systems including a stimulus, receptor, control center, and effector, which make changes and adjustments to maintain stability. These parts all work together to help the body stay within a normal range. This process often involves negative feedback, which helps bring conditions back to normal when they drift too far. The article also says that maintaining homeostasis takes energy, and when the body doesn’t regulate properly, it can lead to health problems. Overall, the ASBMB website clearly explains how homeostasis helps the body stay balanced and respond to different changes in the environment.

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Homeostasis plays a pervasive role in shaping the form and function of all biological molecules and organisms

Students should be able to explain and apply core concepts of underlying homeostasis, including the need for biological balance, linked steady state processes, quantification of homeostasis, the organization of chemical processes, and control mechanisms.

The learning goals below are categorized as introductory A, intermediate B and upper C.

1. Biological need for homeostasis

Biological homeostasis is the ability to maintain relative stability and function as changes occur in the internal or external environment. Organisms are viable under a relatively narrow set of conditions. As such, there is a need to tightly regulate the concentrations of metabolites and small molecules at the cellular level to ensure survival. To optimize resource use and to maintain conditions, the organism may sacrifice efficiency for robustness. Breakdown of homeostatic regulation can contribute to the cause or progression of disease or lead to cell death.

Associated learning goals

Students should be able to describe why maintenance of homeostasis is advantageous to an organism. A

Students should be able to define homeostasis in a biochemical context to both scientifically trained and lay audiences. B

Students should be able to describe how homeostatic pathways and mechanisms have been conserved throughout evolution. B

Students should be able to appraise the costs and benefits of different homeostatic mechanisms to an organism. C

Students should be able to relate different environmental factors necessitating homeostasis to a specific adaptation. C

2. Link steady state processes and homeostasis

A system that is in a steady state remains constant over time, but that constant state requires continual work. A system in a steady state has a higher level of energy than its surroundings. Biochemical systems maintain homeostasis via regulation of gene expression, metabolic flux and energy transformation but are never at equilibrium.

Associated learning goals

Students should be able to explain that a system at chemical equilibrium (or just equilibrium) is stable over time, but no energy or work is required to maintain that condition. A

Students should be able to apply the principles of kinetics to describe flux through biochemical pathways. A

Students should be able to discuss a metabolic pathway in terms of equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principle. A

Students should be able to relate the laws of thermodynamics to homeostasis and explain how the cell or organism maintains homeostasis. B

Students should be able to model how perturbations to the steady state can result in changes to the homeostatic state. C

Students should be able to propose how resources stored in the homeostatic state can be utilized in times of need. C

3. Quantifying homeostasis

Multiple reactions with intricate networks of activators and inhibitors are involved in biological homeostasis. Modifications of such networks can lead to activation of previously latent metabolic pathways or even to unpredicted interactions between components of these networks. These pathways and networks can be mathematically modeled and correlated with metabolomics data and kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of individual components to quantify the effects of changing conditions related to either normal or disease states.

Associated learning goals

Students should be able to describe experiments discussing how signaling and regulatory molecules and metabolic intermediates can be quantitated in the laboratory. A

Students should be able to relate concentrations of key metabolites to steps of metabolic pathways and describe the roles they play in homeostasis. A

Students should be able to calculate enzymatic rates and compare these rates and relate these rates back to cellular or organismal homeostasis. B

Students should explain that organismal homeostasis can be measured in multiple ways and over different time scales (seconds, minutes, hours, days and months). B

Students, given a metabolic network and appropriate data, should be able to predict the outcomes of changes in parameters of the system such as increased concentrations of certain intermediates or the changes in the activity of certain enzymes. C

4. Control mechanisms

Homeostasis is maintained by a series of control mechanisms functioning at the organ, tissue or cellular level. These control mechanisms include substrate supply, activation or inhibition of individual enzymes and receptors, synthesis and degradation of enzymes, and compartmentalization. The primary components responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis can be categorized as stimulus, receptor, control center, effector and feedback mechanism.

Associated learning goals

Students should be able to discuss how chemical processes are compartmentalized in the organism, organ and the cell. A

Students should be able to explain why biochemical pathways proceed through the intermediates that they do (gradual oxidation or reduction) and why pathways share intermediates. A

Students should be able to summarize the different levels of control (including reaction compartmentalization, gene expression, covalent modification of key enzymes, allosteric regulation of key enzymes, substrate availability and proteolytic cleavage) and relate these different levels of control to homeostasis. A

Students should be able to compare the temporal aspect of different control mechanisms (e.g. how quickly phosphorylation occurs versus changes in gene expression). A

Students should be able to hypothesize why and how organs evolved with specialized function in metazoans. B

Students should be able to discuss different models of allosteric regulation. B

Students should be able to formulate models relating changes in flux through a pathway to other pathways and overall homeostasis. C

Students should be able to defend why anabolic and catabolic pathways are compartmentalized in the cell. C

5. Cellular and organismal homeostasis

Homeostasis in an organism or colony of single celled organisms is regulated by secreted proteins and small molecules often functioning as signals. Homeostasis in the cell is maintained by regulation and by the exchange of materials and energy with its surroundings.

Associated learning goals

Students should be able to describe how the cell and organism store resources (both in terms of stored energy and chemical building blocks) for times of need and how they mobilize these resources. A

Students should be able to integrate homeostasis from the cellular to the organismal level. In other words, students should be able to describe how a complex metazoan can have both a cellular and organismal response to maintain homeostasis. B

Students should be able to compare and contrast homeostasis in different organisms. B

Students should be able to describe homeostasis at the level of the cell, organism or system of organisms and hypothesize how the system would react to deviations from homeostasis. C

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Tropical rainforests are located near the equator, such as the Amazon Basin in South America and regions of Southeast Asia. They have a warm climate year-round and receive a lot of rainfall, often more than 200 centimeters annually, which helps the forests stay lush and green. The vegetation is dense, with tall trees, broad leaves, and a high diversity of plant species. These forests are home to a wide variety of wildlife, including birds, reptiles, insects, and amphibians. One of their most interesting features is the stratified layers, including the emergent layer, canopy, understory, and forest floor, each providing unique habitats for different organisms. Tropical rainforests also have rapid nutrient cycling, which occurs because the warm, moist conditions allow plants to grow and decompose quickly. They play an important role in regulating the Earth’s climate by absorbing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. In addition, they provide valuable resources and ecosystem services for humans, such as timber, medicinal plants, and habitats for indigenous communities.

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The video What Is Biodiversity? explains that biodiversity is basically the variety of life in an area, including different species, genes, and ecosystems. Having high biodiversity makes ecosystems stronger and more resilient, so they can recover better from changes or problems. The video points out that human activities, like destroying habitats, polluting, and contributing to climate change, are putting biodiversity at risk. It also highlights why biodiversity matters: healthy ecosystems give us clean air and water, food, and even medicines. Protecting biodiversity isn’t just about saving cute or exotic animals—it’s about keeping the systems that support life working properly. The video suggests simple ways people can help, like protecting habitats, reducing pollution, and supporting sustainable practices. Learning about biodiversity makes it clear that our choices really affect the planet. Overall, the video shows that keeping biodiversity healthy is not just important for nature, its essential for us too.

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What Is Biodiversity? | Ecology & Environment | Biology | FuseSchool