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Native Americans- 2200 B.C.- Tower of Babel, 2200 B.C. to 1600 A.D., 1607-Early settlement of Jamestown

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Native Americans- 2200 B.C.- Tower of Babel, 2200 B.C. to 1600 A.D., 1607-Early settlement of Jamestown

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Oral literature: epic narratives, creation myths, stories, poems, songs. Use stories to teach moral lessons and convey practical information about the natural world.Deep respect for nature and animals. Cyclical worldview. Figurative language/parallelism.

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Native Americans: stories like Earth on Turtle's Back and Navajo creation were told orally. 

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Native Americans: stories like Earth on Turtle's Back and Navajo creation were told orally. 

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Fact #1: During pre-Columbian times, all of North America was inhabited by Native Americans. 

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Fact #1: During pre-Columbian times, all of North America was inhabited by Native Americans. 

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Fact #2: Many tribes traced their families through the mother.

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Fact #2: Many tribes traced their families through the mother.

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Puritanism and Early settlement of First American colonies - 1600- 1800                                 1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown 1692: Salem Witch Trials 1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" 

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Puritanism and Early settlement of First American colonies - 1600- 1800                                 1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown 1692: Salem Witch Trials 1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" 

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1. Wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.
2. Sought to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.
3. Saw religion as a personal, inner experience.
4. Believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.
5. Used a plain style of writing.

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Famous Authors and Works: William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"

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Famous Authors and Works: William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"

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Fact #1: Puritan society was highly structured and governed by strict moral codes

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Fact #1: Puritan society was highly structured and governed by strict moral codes

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Fact #2: The most well-known Puritan settlement in America was the Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Fact #2: The most well-known Puritan settlement in America was the Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Rationalism/"The Age of Reason"/"The Enlightenment"         1607 Early Settlement—Jamestown 1775-1783 Revolutionary War)

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Rationalism/"The Age of Reason"/"The Enlightenment"         1607 Early Settlement—Jamestown 1775-1783 Revolutionary War)

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1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

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Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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Fact #2: Surge of scientific discovery and global connectivity

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Fact #2: Surge of scientific discovery and global connectivity

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Transcendentalism/"The American Renaissance"                                         1840-1860 Transcendentalism

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Transcendentalism/"The American Renaissance"                                         1840-1860 Transcendentalism

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1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

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Ralph Waldo Emerson
—Nature
—"Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau
—Walden
—Life in the Woods

Louisa May Alcott
—Little Women

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Fact #1: The American Renaissance was a period of American architecture and the arts from 1876 to 1917.

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Fact #1: The American Renaissance was a period of American architecture and the arts from 1876 to 1917.

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Fact #2: Literary movement that helped form the basis of American Literature. 

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Fact #2: Literary movement that helped form the basis of American Literature. 

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Fact #3 (week 11): Authors such as Edgar Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville were critical of reformers, depicted nature as a dangerous force, and wrote characters that were prone to destructive behavior. Their contributions to the American Renaissance created a rich and diverse national literary consciousness

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Fact #3 (week 11): Authors such as Edgar Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville were critical of reformers, depicted nature as a dangerous force, and wrote characters that were prone to destructive behavior. Their contributions to the American Renaissance created a rich and diverse national literary consciousness

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Protest for Black Lives Matter

Climate Activism

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Fact #1: An estimated 15 to 26 million people participated in Black Lives Matter protests in the United States, making it one of the largest protest movements in the country's history

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Fact #1: An estimated 15 to 26 million people participated in Black Lives Matter protests in the United States, making it one of the largest protest movements in the country's history

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Fact #2: Climate change is human-made and we can still do something about climate change.

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Fact #2: Climate change is human-made and we can still do something about climate change.

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Romaticism/Industrialization: 1800-1860The War of 18121812-1815California Gold Rush (find the date)

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Romaticism/Industrialization: 1800-1860The War of 18121812-1815California Gold Rush (find the date)

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1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style)

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Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

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Fact #1: t was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental

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Fact #1: t was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental

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Fact #2: Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.

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Fact #2: Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.

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Fact about Nathaniel Hawthrone: He was a classmate of another famous author and a president 

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Fact about Nathaniel Hawthrone: He was a classmate of another famous author and a president 

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Fact #1 about Salem Witch Trials: To identify witches, authorities used the "touching test", in which victims of witchcraft would become calm upon touching the culprit. (britannica)

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Fact #1 about Salem Witch Trials: To identify witches, authorities used the "touching test", in which victims of witchcraft would become calm upon touching the culprit. (britannica)

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Fact #2 about Salem Witch Trials: Salem witch trials, (June 1692–May 1693), in American history, a series of investigations and persecutions that caused 19 convicted “witches” to be hanged and many other suspects to be imprisoned in Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Britannica)

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Fact #2 about Salem Witch Trials: Salem witch trials, (June 1692–May 1693), in American history, a series of investigations and persecutions that caused 19 convicted “witches” to be hanged and many other suspects to be imprisoned in Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Britannica)

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Poets Part 1: E.E Cummings                         

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Poets Part 1: E.E Cummings                         

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Fact #1: He wrote about 2,900 poems (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._E._Cummings#:~:text=Cummings%20wrote%20approximately%202%2C900%20poems,case%20spellings%20for%20poetic%20expression.)

Fact #2: He received his bachelors and masters from Harvard University

Fact #3: He served as a volunteer in the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps in France during World War I, where he was imprisoned in 1917 on suspicion of anti-war views and espionage.

Fact 2 and 3 source: (https://www.masshist.org/object-of-the-month/july-2013#:~:text=Cummings%20attended%20Cambridge%20Latin%20School,anti%2Dwar%20views%20and%20espionage.)

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1. She was an accomplished Gardner (hence the choice of picture)

2. Only ten of her poems were published during her lifetime

3. Most of her poems can be sung to the tune of The Yellow Rose of Texas

Source: https://www.yourdictionary.com/articles/emily-dickinson-facts

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Fact #1: Alcott was born into a family that was deeply entrenched in the Transcendentalist movement, a significant philosophical movement that championed the inherent goodness of individuals and nature, a belief system that would go on to profoundly color her writing and outlook.

Fact #2: Louisa May Alcott passed away on March 6, 1888, just two days after the death of her father.

Fact #3: Alcott served as a nurse during the Civil War, but contracted typhoid fever during her tenure, an experience that deeply affected her but also inspired her first published book, the insightful "Hospital Sketches".

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1. Feelings of disillusionment.
2. Common subjects: slums of rapidly growing cities, factories replacing farmlands, poor factory workers, corrupt politicians.
3. Represented the manner and environment of everyday life and ordinary people as realistically as possible (Regionalism).
4. Sought to explain behavior (psychologically/socially).

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Mark Twain
-Huckleberry Finn

Jack London
-Call of the Wild
-"To Build a Fire"

Stephen Crane
-"The Open Boat"

Ambrose Bierce
-"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"

Kate Chopin
-"Story of an Hour"
-The Awakening

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Robert Henri, Snow in New York, 1902, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC

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Fact #1: Robert Henri (1865–1921) was an important American Realist and a member of The Ashcan school. Henri was interested in the spectacle of common life. He focused on individuals, strangers, quickly passing in the streets in towns and cities.

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Fact #1: Robert Henri (1865–1921) was an important American Realist and a member of The Ashcan school. Henri was interested in the spectacle of common life. He focused on individuals, strangers, quickly passing in the streets in towns and cities.

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Ashcan school artists, c. 1896,
l to r, Everett Shinn, Robert Henri, John French Sloan

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Fact #2: The Ashcan school was a group of New York City artists who sought to capture the feel of early-20th-century New York City through realistic portraits of everyday life. These artists preferred to depict the richly and culturally textured lower class immigrants, rather than the rich and promising Fifth Avenue socialites.

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Fact #2: The Ashcan school was a group of New York City artists who sought to capture the feel of early-20th-century New York City through realistic portraits of everyday life. These artists preferred to depict the richly and culturally textured lower class immigrants, rather than the rich and promising Fifth Avenue socialites.

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Fact #3: American realists embraced the colloquial and the informal, the customary and even the "ugly" that defined the day-to-day life of big American cities, such as New York. 

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Fact #3: American realists embraced the colloquial and the informal, the customary and even the "ugly" that defined the day-to-day life of big American cities, such as New York. 

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Fact #1: Was given the name John Finney at birth but was legally renamed Walter Braden Finney at the age of three after fathers death.

Fact #2: He attended Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois, graduating in 1934.

Fact #3: Mr. Finney specialized in thrillers and science fiction works. Two of his novels, The Body Snatchers and Good Neighbor Sam became the basis of popular films, but it was Time and Again (1970) that won him a devoted following.

Sources: https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/6944.Jack_Finney

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Finney#:~:text=Finney%20was%20born%20in%20Milwaukee,%2C%20Illinois%2C%20graduating%20in%201934.

https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0278277/bio/

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Fact #1: Her 1930 play Alison's House earned her the Pulitzer Prize for Drama.

Fact #2: After her husband's death in Greece, she returned to the United States. In 1922 Glaspell and Cook moved to Delphi, Greece. Cook died there in 1924 of glanders, an infectious disease he caught from his dog.

Fact#3: During the Great Depression, Glaspell worked in Chicago for the Works Progress Administration, where she was Midwest Bureau Director of the Federal Theater Project.

Bonus Fact: She's describes as "Susan was a slight, gentle, sweet, whimsically humorous girl, a little ethereal in appearance, but evidently a person of great energy, and brimful of talent; but, we agreed, too medieval-romantic in her views of life." Barbara Gelb added that she was a "delicate, sad-eyed, witty woman."

She founded the Provincetown Players, the first modern American theatre company. First known for her short stories, Glaspell also wrote nine novels, fifteen plays, and a biography. Attended Drake university and majored in philosophy.

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cram_Cook

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Glaspell#:~:text=Her%201930%20play%20Alison's%20House,of%20the%20Federal%20Theater%20Project.

https://spartacus-educational.com/Jglaspell.htm#:~:text=Dell%20later%20wrote%3A%20%22Susan%20was,%2C%20witty%20woman.%22%20A%20journalist

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1. Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the "American Dream": the independent, self-reliant, individual will triumph.
2. Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form over the traditional.
3. Interest in the inner workings of the human mind (ex. Stream of consciousness).

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Fact #1: American modernism benefited from the diversity of immigrant cultures. Artists were inspired by African, Caribbean, Asian and European folk cultures and embedded these exotic styles in their works.  

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Fact #1: American modernism benefited from the diversity of immigrant cultures. Artists were inspired by African, Caribbean, Asian and European folk cultures and embedded these exotic styles in their works.  

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_modernism#:~:text=American%20modernism%20benefited%20from%20the,life%20in%20the%2020th%20century.

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Fact #2: The Modernist American movement was a reflection of American life in the 20th century. (The idea of the American dream was changing)

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Fact #2: The Modernist American movement was a reflection of American life in the 20th century. (The idea of the American dream was changing)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_modernism#:~:text=American%20modernism%20benefited%20from%20the,life%20in%20the%2020th%20century.

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Fact #3: Revolutionary time for artist. Modernism encompasses a variety of styles rather than a single one. It includes movements like Impressionism, Expressionism, Cubism, and Fauvism, which all emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. There was a rejection of traditional values and an emphasis on materials and the process of the art 

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Fact #3: Revolutionary time for artist. Modernism encompasses a variety of styles rather than a single one. It includes movements like Impressionism, Expressionism, Cubism, and Fauvism, which all emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. There was a rejection of traditional values and an emphasis on materials and the process of the art 

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Source: https://www.thecollector.com/modernism-definition/

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Like any other description of an epoch in art, 'modernism' and 'modern art' are difficult to define precisely. The reason is that such categories are subjective in a way and therefore will always stay controversial. Using the term 'modernism', we usually speak of a global movement that occurred both socially and culturally at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century in the countries of the Western world. Especially in fine art, the term meant a break with almost everything that happened before in art. And it describes the search for new means of expression.

Enclosed with great social, cultural, and political upheavals, 'modernism' is considered a period of innovation and experimentation. Roughly speaking, the term 'modernism' in art ranges from the realism of artists like Gustave Courbet to the abstraction of the 1960s. In the following, we will explain 'modernism' to you in more detail using 5 facts and 12 works of art.

1. Modernism Does Not Describe One Single Style

Mostly, the description of an epoch is made according to its similarities in the works of art produced in a special period. , however, is not so easy to narrow down - quite the contrary. Instead of a single style, many different styles and artforms emerged in the modernist period. Many of the new art forms and styles have one thing in common: many bear the suffix in their name. These include, for example, Impressionism , which was followed by Expressionism . But also and fall into the category of 'modernism.'

In this section, you can see one work each of the artists Claude Monet and George Braque . On the surface, these works of art could not be more different. The technique as well as the colors and motifs are fundamentally different. However, the two works have more in common than you might suspect in the beginning. Both paintings were created during the modernist period in art. What still unites them will be shown in the following explanations.

2. Modernist Artists Questioned Or Even Rejected Conservative Values

The era of modernism in art was heralded when more and more artists rejected classical principles of art and increasingly repudiated traditional ideas about art. Artists such as Claude Monet refrained from depicting the world as realistically as possible in their paintings, as it was taught in the Renaissance before. Instead, like many other artists, he was concerned with a subjective expression of perception. This also meant that artists like Monet questioned seeing as such. An objective idea of seeing was put to the test and was increasingly replaced by a subjective idea of seeing.

Let us take a look at Edvard Munch 's famous painting (1893). With this artwork, Edvard Munch shows how sudden excitement changes all our sensory impressions. All lines in the painting lead to the screaming head in the center of the painting. The wild mixture of bright colors and organic lines intensify the impression of the outburst of emotion. In this painting by the Norwegian artist, something becomes very clear: Painting in 'modernism' is neither about truths of nature nor about the presentation of ideal beauties. What counts is the pure expression of emotion, even if this means distorting a figure to the point of ugliness.

3. Modernism Stands For Innovation And Experimentation

Modern art was strongly influenced by the social and political events of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The turn of the century represents one of the greatest historical upheavals for Western societies. Industrialization really took off during this period, capitalism took hold more and more, there were inventions such as the railway and the First World War. All of this confronted people with the unforeseen. This awakening and upheaval could also be felt in art. There were many innovations and people experimented with shapes, colors, lines, and motifs as they had done never before.

A good example of this development is Pablo Picasso's artwork Les Demoiselles D'Avignon (1907). If you look at this painting today, one could almost think that Picasso painted this work to change Western painting from its ground. Here, the artist does not only play with the shape of the female body by combining it with geometric forms but the faces of the women were inspired by African art . Both can be seen as elements of a pictorial revolution.

Abstraction also found its way into art at the time of modernism. The Swedish artist Hilma af Klint is today considered a pioneer of abstract art , together with artists such as Wassily Kandinsky . In her art, she went through a pictorial development from naturalistic art to abstract art. Hilma af Klint painted her first abstract pictures already around 1906.

4. The Focus Was Often On Material, Color, Technique And Process

Whether the brushstrokes of a Claude Monet, the areas of color on a work by Piet Mondrian or splashes of paint on an action painting by Jackson Pollock - in the age of modernism, material, color, technique and painterly procedure pushed themselves into the foreground in the works of many artists.

Yet, the paintings need not be overloaded in any way. Often it is even the total reduction that creates a special focus. Some good examples of this are the monochrome works of the French artist, .

Yves Klein is considered an artist of the avant-garde . His monochrome picture compositions, which he created in an ultramarine blue developed by himself, have become particularly famous. The color bears the official name International Klein Blue. In such a blue picture the color becomes the only motif and thus immediately attracts the attention of the viewer.

5. Clement Greenberg: An Important Theoretician Of (Abstract) Modernism

One name that is definitely worth knowing in connection with modern art is Clement Greenberg. The art critic Clement Greenberg is something like the head of late modern painting. Greenberg was convinced that art had to be reduced to its most basic elements: to the surface and its color. Thus, the American theorist primarily propagated Abstract Expressionism and color surface painting.

Artists such as Jackson Pollock, owe their fame and international recognition to the influence and support of Willem de Kooning and Barnett Newman Towards A Newer Laocoon Clement Greenberg. One of Clement Greenberg's most famous writings is (1940). The title already reveals it: With his writing, Greenberg refers to a famous text by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Like Lessing, Greenberg also wanted to separate the arts into their disciplines. He declares the visual arts to be the highest art. The strength of painting, he explains in his essay, only becomes visible when it renounces all narrative. This is precisely what the avant-garde has set itself in its painting, as we can see in the previous paintings.

So let us note: 'modernism' is the term for a period of time at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. At that time, major social and cultural changes contributed to the fact that art was about to change. Modern art can by no means be reduced to a few similar characteristics. However, there are some characteristics by which modern art can be defined. There was a spirit of new beginnings in art and the courage to experiment. During the modernist era, artists questioned conservative values and traditional notions of art. They expressed themselves with color, forms, lines and techniques, thus paving the way to abstraction. An important theoretician figure in the development of modern art is the American art critic Clement Greenberg. His writings provide decisive answers to the question of what modern art should look like.

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Defining Modernism through 5 Facts and 12 Works of Art

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Like any other description of an epoch in art, 'modernism' and 'modern art' are difficult to define precisely. The reason is that such categories are subjective in a way and therefore will always stay controversial.

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1920s- Fact #1: “Art Deco” comes to the US

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1920s- Fact #1: “Art Deco” comes to the US

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What would become a dominant style of US design for decades began in Europe. “Art Deco”—short for Arts Decoratifs—refers to the design style characterized by geometric shapes and lavish curves. The style influenced architectural design as well, and can be seen in famous skyscrapers like New York City’s Chrysler Building.

Source: https://interactcom.com/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-1920s/

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the Charleston Illustration of the Charleston from the cover of Life, designed by John Held, Jr., 1926.

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The liveliness of the period stands in marked contrast to the historical crises on either side of it: World War I (1914–18) and the Great Depression (1929–c. 1939). The name may have originated as a play on the nautical term roaring fortie s, referring to latitudes with strong ocean winds.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roaring-Twenties

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1930s- fact #1: The phrase “American dream” was invented during the Great Depression. It comes from a popular 1931 book by the historian James Truslow Adams, who defined it as “that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone.” In the decades that followed, the dream became a reality

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1930s- fact #1: The phrase “American dream” was invented during the Great Depression. It comes from a popular 1931 book by the historian James Truslow Adams, who defined it as “that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone.” In the decades that followed, the dream became a reality

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Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/08/opinion/the-american-dream-quantified-at-last.html#:~:text=The%20phrase%20%E2%80%9CAmerican%20dream%E2%80%9D%20was,the%20dream%20became%20a%20reality.

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1940S- fact #2: A post-World War II hike in industrial productivity and the doubling of corporate profits leads to the American Dream becoming attainable for the masses. The G.I. Bill of Rights enables returning veterans to get an education and purchase homes in newly developed suburban areas. Consumption becomes the prevailing ideology. Increased manufacturing necessitates increased consumption of American-made goods.

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1940S- fact #2: A post-World War II hike in industrial productivity and the doubling of corporate profits leads to the American Dream becoming attainable for the masses. The G.I. Bill of Rights enables returning veterans to get an education and purchase homes in newly developed suburban areas. Consumption becomes the prevailing ideology. Increased manufacturing necessitates increased consumption of American-made goods.

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Source: https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2017/the-people-vs-america/1940s.html

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Harlem Renaissance: "The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s" (1920–1940)               "The New Negro Movement" 1919-1925                                              Prohibition 1920-1933      

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Harlem Renaissance: "The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s" (1920–1940)               "The New Negro Movement" 1919-1925                                              Prohibition 1920-1933      

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1.Black cultural movement in Harlem, New York
2.Some poetry rhythms based on spirituals and jazz, lyrics on the blues, and diction from the street talk of the ghettos
3. Other poetry used conventional lyrical forms

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James Weldon Johnson

Claude McKay

Countee Cullen

Langston Hughes (poetry)

Zora Neale Hurston

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Fact #1: flourishing, saw the rise of jazz poetry, a new Black identity, and a foundation for the Civil Rights movement (https://www.britannica.com/summary/Harlem-Renaissance-Key-Facts)

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Fact #1: flourishing, saw the rise of jazz poetry, a new Black identity, and a foundation for the Civil Rights movement (https://www.britannica.com/summary/Harlem-Renaissance-Key-Facts)

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Fact #2: The Harlem Renaissance continued into the 1930s. Zora Neale Hurston’s novel Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) is widely regarded as one of the signal achievements of the Harlem Renaissance. 

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Fact #2: The Harlem Renaissance continued into the 1930s. Zora Neale Hurston’s novel Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) is widely regarded as one of the signal achievements of the Harlem Renaissance. 

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Source: https://www.britannica.com/summary/Harlem-Renaissance-Key-Facts

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1960s- Fact #1: The American dream during the 1960s was categorized as a time of great social change, as well as change in values, norms through rallies or protesting, and emphasis on freedom. 

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1960s- Fact #1: The American dream during the 1960s was categorized as a time of great social change, as well as change in values, norms through rallies or protesting, and emphasis on freedom. 

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Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/upshot/the-transformation-of-the-american-dream.html#:~:text=The%20term%20began%20to%20be,of%20deregulation%20or%20mortgage%20subsidies.

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1970s- Fact #2: The American Dream, was scentered around upward mobility and prosperity, became increasingly associated with homeownership in the suburbs, and still highly valued freedom (like in the 60s).  

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1970s- Fact #2: The American Dream, was scentered around upward mobility and prosperity, became increasingly associated with homeownership in the suburbs, and still highly valued freedom (like in the 60s).  

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Source: https://www.thecollector.com/american-dream-evolution/#:~:text=In%20other%20words%2C%20the%20general,the%20bane%20of%20the%20countryside.

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1980s- Fact #1: In the 1980s, the American Dream often involved achieving a middle-class standard of living with secure jobs, rising pay, and long-term benefits, including lifetime pensions.

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1980s- Fact #1: In the 1980s, the American Dream often involved achieving a middle-class standard of living with secure jobs, rising pay, and long-term benefits, including lifetime pensions.

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Source: https://www.theglobalist.com/the-american-boulevard-of-stolen-dreams-part-i-1945-1980s/#:~:text=For%20the%20next%20three%20decades%2C%20Scholl%20and,pensions%20a%20solid%20middle%2Dclass%20standard%20of%20living.&text=The%20Forbes%20400%20%E2%80%9Crichest%20Americans%E2%80%9D%20triple%20their,1990%2C%20thanks%20to%20the%20Reagan%20tax%20cuts.

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1980s- Fact #2: For many, the American Dream in the 1980s continued to be defined by the traditional markers of success: secure jobs, good pay, and a decent standard of living. This included having a family, owning a home, and enjoying the benefits of a stable job. 

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1980s- Fact #2: For many, the American Dream in the 1980s continued to be defined by the traditional markers of success: secure jobs, good pay, and a decent standard of living. This included having a family, owning a home, and enjoying the benefits of a stable job. 

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What Does the American Dream Mean to Different Generations?

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There are generational divides over how the American Dream is understood.

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1990s- Fact #1: Strong belief that the dream would remain, and that the future generation would go on to carry what was the current American Dream (equality of wages, rights)

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1990s- Fact #1: Strong belief that the dream would remain, and that the future generation would go on to carry what was the current American Dream (equality of wages, rights)

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Source: https://www.socialistalternative.org/why-we-need-a-labor-party/end-american-dream/

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2000s- Fact #1: In the 2000s, the American Dream was heavily tied to homeownership, financial stability, and a sense of material success.

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2000s- Fact #1: In the 2000s, the American Dream was heavily tied to homeownership, financial stability, and a sense of material success.

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Source: https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/10/american-dreams/408535/

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Contemporary "Postmodernism" 1950–present: Korean War 1950-1953 Vietnam War 1954-1975

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Contemporary "Postmodernism" 1950–present: Korean War 1950-1953 Vietnam War 1954-1975

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1. Influenced by studies of media, language, and information technology.
2. Sense that little is unique; culture endlessly duplicates itself.
3. New literary forms and techniques: works composed of only dialogue, or combining fiction and nonfiction, experimenting with physical appearance of their work.

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Alice Walker

Wallace Stevens

e.e. cummings

Maya Angelou

Anne Sexton

James Baldwin

Richard Wright

Sandra Cisneros

Amy Tan

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Fact #1: Postmodernism challenges the notion of universal, objective truths and rejects grand narratives that claim to explain the entire world. 

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Fact #1: Postmodernism challenges the notion of universal, objective truths and rejects grand narratives that claim to explain the entire world. 

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Postmodernism | Definition, Doctrines, & Facts | Britannica

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Postmodernism, in contemporary Western philosophy, a late 20th-century movement characterized by broad skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and an acute sensitivity to the role of ideology in asserting and maintaining political and economic power.

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Fact #2: Emphasis on Plurality and Individual Perspectives: Instead of seeking a single, all-encompassing truth, post-contemporary thinkers value diverse viewpoints and subjective experiences. 

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Fact #2: Emphasis on Plurality and Individual Perspectives: Instead of seeking a single, all-encompassing truth, post-contemporary thinkers value diverse viewpoints and subjective experiences. 

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Modernism vs. Postmodernism: Two Genres Explained in 6 Facts and 13 Artworks | TheCollector

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Modernism and Postmodernism are two major movements in 20th-century art. What is the difference between modern and postmodern art?

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The modern story I chose was "Percy Jackson and The Olympians the chalice of Gods" by Rick Riordan. I have read the first five books of this series and am currently on the fourth book of the second series (Heroes of Olympus). After that I can go on the read the 6th-8th books which are the senior books. This book focuses on the main character (Percy) now in high school and still at the mercy of the Greek gods who control some of his fate. This story tells that he needs to complete three trials to go to college in New Rome.

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Reflection: After looking back at my timeline, I realized that literature not just allows for creativity, but it also represents what is going on at the time. Writing evolves and changes throughout the time because of humans are evolving and changing. I also think that it sparks change withing a society, such as in "Farenheit 451" by Ray Bradburry. 

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Reflection: After looking back at my timeline, I realized that literature not just allows for creativity, but it also represents what is going on at the time. Writing evolves and changes throughout the time because of humans are evolving and changing. I also think that it sparks change withing a society, such as in "Farenheit 451" by Ray Bradburry. 