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1. Atiqah

2. Liyana

3. Sofiya

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Powdery mildews are easily recognized by the white,powdery growth of the fungus on infected portion of plant host.

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🌱Effective organic fungicides for treating powdery mildew include sulfur, lime-sulfur, neem oil, and potassium bicarbonate

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Soft rot is a condition where the plant get attacked by bacterial causing it to become soft and bad. This disease usually happens to fleshy vegetables such as potato, eggplant and squash.

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Bacterial wilt is a serious plant disease caused by various bacterial pathogens, notably species of the genera Ralstonia, Clavibacter, and Erwinia. The disease affects a wide range of horticultural crops, including tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, bananas, and ornamental plants.

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Symptoms of soft rot include soft, wet, rotted, tan or cream-colored tissues. Rot begins on the tuber surface and progresses inward. Infected tissues are sharply delineated from healthy tissue by dark brown or black margins.

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wilting

yellowing.

some stunting of the plants.

die-back of plants.

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Downy mildew symptoms begin as small, water-soaked spots.

-Yellowing or distortion of leaves.

-Leaf drop or defoliation.

-Black or brown spots or patches on the leaves.

-Fungal growth can cover the entire leaf, giving it a "fuzzy" appearance.

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1. White patches of fungal growth develop on the surface of the leaf.

2.Leaf edges curl upwards, exposing the white, powdery fungal growth.

3.Tiny, round, black fungal structures (cleistothecia) may also be present on the underside of the leaves.

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-is a type of fungal disease that affects plants. It's a common problem in gardens, greenhouses, and even indoor plants.

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-1)Downy mildew can be avoided by rotating annual flowers and vegetables and by avoiding overwatering, overcrowding, and poorly drained soil.

-2)Selective pruning for good air circulation around the plants and crop rotation are essential. Downy mildew doesn't like warm or dry weather, so this is likely to stop the disease.

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Plant in the sun: Planting in sunny areas will reduce the humidity that helps powdery mildew thrive.

Prune plants: Pruning plants will improve the airflow around foliage and reduce the humidity that attracts some types of powdery mildew.

Remove dead foliage: Dead or dying foliage will drop to the ground and become a breeding ground for fungi. Remove dead leaves from the plant and from the ground, which will reduce the problem from spreading.

Space plants: Giving plants significant space helps increase air circulation which will also allow water to better evaporate from leaves.

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Baking Soda: To control powdery mildew on plants with a baking soda spray, mix the following in a spray bottle: 1 tablespoon of baking soda, 1/2 teaspoon of liquid non-detergent soap, and 1 gallon of water. Evenly coat the affected plant including the underside of leaves and stems. This recipe is effective, but too much can burn leaves. Water plants well a couple of days before applying, don’t apply it in full sun and try it on an area to test the plant's reaction. Spray weekly and reapply after rain.

Neem Oil: Neem oil, an organic fungicide, won't cure the problem, but applying it will help prevent other spores from germinating. It will also prevent the penetration of the spore into a plant's leaf tissue.

Organic Fungicide: Fungicides can't reverse the damage the powdery mildew has done, but they can kill off existing pathogens responsible for spreading the disease. Sulfur is typically a preventive fungicide so instead, use horticultural or plant-based oils (such as neem oil or jojoba oil) after the disease has developed.

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1. Avoid harvesting under wet conditions.

When the environment is wet, bactera tend to build up on that area.

2. Do not plant infected seed.

Since infected seed is weak it can get disease more easily.

3. Dry tubers quickly.

When the plant is dry the chance for bacteria to grow is low.

4. Check if there is any wet spot.

This was an extra step to make sure there's no wet spot for bacteria to grow.

5. Dry tubers thoroughly before packing.

This step need to be done so that the wet spot doesn't spread to other plant in the same packaging.

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what type of plant does powdery mildew occur on

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what type of plant does powdery mildew occur on

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cili

jagung

cucumber

kacang

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Shade or low light intensities as well as high relative humidity

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Mostly downy mildew will attack:

•cucumber

•melons

•pumpkin

•squash

•broccoli

•cabbage

•brussels sprouts

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- Crop rotation = plant non-host crops (like grains) in affected areas for several years

-Resistant varieties = choose plant varieties that resist bacterial wilt

-Sanitation = remove infected plants : uproot and destroy infected plants

-Water management = use clean water : ensure irrigation water is free from bacteria

- Insect control = manage insects that can carry the bacteria (insecticide), like cucumber beetles

-Monitoring = regular checks : inspect plants often and remove any that show symptoms early

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Imran

Adlan

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1.Aliya Syahirah

2.Fatin Aleesya

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is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potexvirus and the family Alphaflexiviridae. PapMV is a filamentous, flexuous rod, 530 nm in length.Mature virions form banded inclusions that can be seen in leaf strips of infected plants when stained with either the Orange-Green protein stain or the Azure A nucleic acid stain.

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Chili mosaic virus (CMV) is a virus that infects chili pepper plants and causes damage, leading to smaller harvests.

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Fusarium wilt is a common vascular wilt Fungal disease, exhibiting symptoms similar to Verticilium Wilt This disease has been investigated extensively since the early years of this century. The pathogen that causes Fusarium wilt is Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum).

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-Yellow, white or green stripes/ streaks/ spots on foliage.

-Wrinkled, curled, or small leaves.

-Pronounced yellowing only of veins.

-Stunted growth and reduced yields.

-Infected fruit appears mottled and develops raised “warty” areas.

-Dark green blisters.

-Stems that dry out rapidly.

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Plant seeds or seedlings from healthy plants or from certified sources.

Rotate with non-host crops.

Beware of carrying infected soil or plant material to uninfected fields.

Spot, remove and destroy infected plants or plant parts.

Disinfect your tools and equipment with heat or other methods.

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Leaves on infected plants turn yellow and fall. The characteristic symptom of fusarium wilt is reddish-brown discolouration of the water conducting tissue of the stem and roots.

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The most characteristic symptom is the appearance of a light and dark green mosaic pattern on the leaves.

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Leaves may become distorted or twisted, and their growth can be stunted.

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Clear, colorless areas along the leaf veins.

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The leaves may show blistering or curling, often with a rough texture.

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1. Plant Resistant Varieties: Choose chili plants that are naturally resistant to the virus.

Example: The 'Cayenne Long Slim' variety is known for its resistance to the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV).

2. Control Insects: Use insecticides or natural predators like ladybugs to control aphids, which spread the virus.

Example: Using neem oil spray can effectively control aphid populations. Alternatively, introducing ladybugs to the garden can naturally reduce aphid numbers.

3. Remove Infected Plants: Immediately pull out and destroy plants that show symptoms to prevent the virus from spreading.

Example: If a chili plant exhibits yellowing and mottled leaves, it should be immediately uprooted and disposed of away from the garden to prevent the virus from spreading to healthy plants.

4. Rotate Crops: Grow different types of plants each season to prevent the virus from building up in the soil.

Example: After growing chili peppers one season, rotate to a non-solanaceous crop like beans or corn the next season to break the life cycle of the virus.

5. Keep the Area Clean: Remove weeds and plant debris that can harbor the virus or insects.

Example: Regularly weed the garden and remove any plant debris. For instance, after harvesting, ensure all plant remnants are cleared out to eliminate potential virus hosts.

6. Use Healthy Seedlings: Start with virus-free seeds or seedlings from trusted sources.

Example: Purchase certified virus-free seedlings from reputable nurseries, such as those sold under the "Certified Disease-Free" label.

7. Avoid Overhead Watering: Water at the base of plants to prevent water splash from spreading the virus.

Example: Use a drip irrigation system or water the base of the plants directly with a watering can to minimize the risk of water splash, which can spread viruses.

8. Reflective Mulches: Use reflective mulches to deter aphids.

Example: Apply silver or aluminum foil mulches around the base of the chili plants. These reflective surfaces deter aphids by confusing their sense of direction and reducing their ability to land on the plants.

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Cultural:

1. Limiting overhead watering

2. sanitizing equipment before use, using clorox

3. sanitizing the plant using hydrogen peroxide, but dilute it first.

4. Remove the infected plant

5. Use crop rotation method. Example of crop rotation: First beans, then potato, after that annual plant

6. Sterilize the soil using steam.

Chemical:

1. Liming the soil

2. using nitrate nitrogen fertilizer

3. use synthetic fungicides (Thiophanate-mently) as a soil drench annd seed dresser

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nur azreen aqilah

nur insyirah

fareesha irdieynna

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Damping-off is a disease that affects seeds and young seedlings that is often leading to their death.

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1. Groups of seedlings may die in roughly circular patch that sometimes having stem injury at ground level.

2. Stems of seedlings may also become thin and tough ("wire-stem") resulting in reduced seedling healthiness.

3. Leaf spotting - does a grey mold growth on stems and leaves.

4. Roots sometimes rot completely or back to discolored stumps

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1. Seed Treatment

Use fungicide-treated seeds to protect against soil-borne pathogens.

2. Planting Practices

Thin seedlings to prevent overcrowding.

3. Proper Watering

Avoid overwatering to let the soil surface dry out between watering.

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MOHAMMAD ZAEM

MUHAMMAD NUR FAIZUDIN

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1. hanzalah

2. naim

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1.ucop

2.aliff

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1.Ain

2.Faqihah